Dutogliptin (PHX-1149T) is a small-molecule dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor for the potential oral treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). DPP-4 quickly degrades the insulin secretory hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and glucagon-like peptide-1; thus inhibiting the degradation of these hormones is a viable treatment option for patients with T2DM. In preclinical studies, dutogliptin potently inhibited DPP-4 and, in a model of T2DM, treatment with dutogliptin improved glucose homeostasis. Pharmacokinetic analyses in animals, healthy individuals and patients with T2DM demonstrated that drug exposure increased in a dose-dependent manner. Results from phase II clinical trials indicated that once-daily dutogliptin, in combination with other oral diabetes therapies, reduces postprandial blood glucose and HbA1c levels, both indicators of successful diabetes management. The incidence of adverse events was similar in treatment and placebo groups, with slightly more headache, arthralgia, sinusitis, and dizziness occurring in the 400 mg dutogliptin group compared with placebo. Phase II clinical trial for the myocardial infarction treatment is underway.

Caloxetate Trisodium is triazaundecanedioic acid derivative patented by German pharmaceutical company as liver-specific magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent.

Sodium sulfanilate is a salt of sulphanilic acid and has been used to monitor the degree of renal dysfunction in dogs.

Bensuldazic acid was used in veterinary as an antifungal agent.

Lysergide (LSD) is a semi-synthetic hallucinogen and is one of the most potent drugs known. Recreational use became popular between the 1960s to 1980s, but is now less common. LSD was first synthesized by Albert Hoffman while working for Sandoz Laboratories in Basel in 1938. Some years later, during a re-evaluation of the compound, he accidentally ingested a small amount and described the first ‘trip’. During the 1950s and 1960s, Sandoz evaluated the drug for therapeutic purposes and marketed it under the name Delysid®. It was used for research into the chemical origins of mental illness. Recreational use started in the 1960s and is associated with the ‘psychedelic period’. LSD possesses a complex pharmacological profile that includes direct activation of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine receptors. In addition, one of its chief sites of action is that of compound-specific (“allosteric”) alterations in secondary messengers associated with 5HT2A and 5HT2C receptor activation and changes in gene expression. The hallucinogenic effects of LSD are likely due to agonism at 5HT2A and 5HT2C receptors. LSD is also an agonist at the majority of known serotonin receptors, including 5HT1A, 5HT1B, 5HT1D, 5HT5A, 5HT6 and 5HT7 receptors. During the 1960s, LSD was investigated for a variety of psychiatric indications, including the following: as an aid in treatment of schizophrenia; as a means of creating a "model psychosis"; as a direct antidepressant; and as an adjunct to psychotherapy. LSD is listed in Schedule I of the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances.

Naphthol Blue Black is a dye, used for the staining of western blot membrane for detection of all protein that are transferred to the membrane. It is also can be used as nucleic acid stain in SDS-Page gels.

Calcium benzoate is the calcium salt of benzoic acid. Used as a preservative, both antibacterial and antifungal. Calcium benzoate can be found in concentrated pineapple juice. People who suffer from asthma, aspirin sensitivity or the skin disease urticaria may have allergic reactions and/or find their symptoms become worse following consumption of benzoic acid, particularly in combination with tartrazine (E102). Calcium benzoate (E213) is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand.