Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is a nucleotide, consisting of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP is an activator of several enzymes in the tissues. In the glycolytic pathway, the enzyme phosphofructokinase is inhibited by ATP but the inhibition is reversed by AMP, the deciding factor for the reaction being the ratio between ATP and AMP. In medicine, AMP is used mainly as an alternative to adenosine for treatment of ischemia and as a tool compound to measure hyperresponsiveness of airways.

Pentaquine is an 8-aminoquinoline that was used in the 1950s to treat malaria and trypanosomiasis. Pentaquine showed no significant sporontocidal activity against P. gallinaceum in Aedes aegypti. In the experimental animals, the antimalarial effect of pentaquine, its pharmacology and toxicology have been investigated (1, 2). Activity, 80 to 128 times that of quinine and two to eight times that of pamaquin in avian malaria. It has adverse effects very similar to those of primaquine. In mammals it is rapidly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract. In acute, and in short term chronic toxicity studies, pentaquine was from one-fourth to one-half as toxic as pamaquin. In the dog, pamaquin in large doses produces severe anorexia, emaciation and ocular paralysis due to central impairment of the sympathetic innervation of the eye. In high dosages pamaquin produces leukopenia, neutropenia, anemia, methemoglobinemia, emaciation, depression, and liver damage in the monkey, effects which are not produced with pentaquine in this species.

Antazoline is an antagonist of histamine H1 receptors. It selectively bind to but does not activate histamine H1 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine, which subsequently leads to temporary relief of the negative symptoms brought on by histamine. Antazoline in combination with naphazoline (VASOCON-A®) is indicated to relieve the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis.

Octodrine is a stimulant that is structurally similar to amphetamine and is included in several so-called “pre-workout” and “fat-burning” supplements. Octodrine, has a history of use as a pharmaceutical drug. It was originally developed in the United States as an aerosolized treatment for bronchitis, laryngitis and other conditions Initially approved by the FDA in 1946 as Eskay’s Oralator, this inhaler appeared only in the 1949 edition of the Physicians’ Desk Reference. Octodrine was combined with several other medications, including theophylline, 3-octopamine, and adenosine, in multi-ingredient tablets sold between the early 1960s through the mid-2000s under the trade names Ambredin, Ordinal, Ordinal Retard and Ordinal Forte. Some proponents say octodrine is a safer alternative to other stimulants like ephedra and Dimethylamylamine (DMAA), but there is no scientific information to support this claim. Originally developed in the early 1950’s as a remedy to nasal congestion and as a possible anti-tumor drug, Octodrine has resurfaced as a key ingredient in dietary supplements for its stimulant and thermogenic benefits.

Hexestrol (INN) (brand name Synoestrol, Estrifar, Estronal, numerous others), also known as hexoestrol, and dihydro-diethylstilbestrol, is a synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen of the stilbestrol group related to diethylstilbestrol that was used to treat estrogen deficiency but is now no longer employed medically. Hexestrol has also been available and used in ester form, including as hexestrol diacetate, hexestrol dicaprylate, hexestrol diphosphate, and hexestrol dipropionate.

Diethylstilbestrol is a synthetic non-steroidal estrogen. It is used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders, prostate cancer and in the prevention of miscarriage or premature delivery in pregnant women prone to miscarriage or premature delivery. Diethylstilbestrol is a very potent full agonist of the estrogen receptors. At the cellular level, estrogens increase the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and various proteins in target tissues. Pituitary mass is also increased. Estrogens reduce the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus, leading to a reduction in release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the pituitary. Adverse effects are: breast pain or tenderness, enlargement of breasts, gynecomastia, peripheral edema and others. Estrogens may interfere with the effects of bromocriptine. Dosage adjustment may be needed. Concurrent use with estrogens may alter the metabolism and protein binding of the glucocorticoids, leading to decreased clearance, increased elimination half-life, and increased therapeutic and toxic effects of the glucocorticoids.

Diethylstilbestrol is a synthetic non-steroidal estrogen. It is used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders, prostate cancer and in the prevention of miscarriage or premature delivery in pregnant women prone to miscarriage or premature delivery. Diethylstilbestrol is a very potent full agonist of the estrogen receptors. At the cellular level, estrogens increase the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and various proteins in target tissues. Pituitary mass is also increased. Estrogens reduce the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus, leading to a reduction in release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the pituitary. Adverse effects are: breast pain or tenderness, enlargement of breasts, gynecomastia, peripheral edema and others. Estrogens may interfere with the effects of bromocriptine. Dosage adjustment may be needed. Concurrent use with estrogens may alter the metabolism and protein binding of the glucocorticoids, leading to decreased clearance, increased elimination half-life, and increased therapeutic and toxic effects of the glucocorticoids.

Menadiol diphosphate is given as a vitamin K supplement to prevent bleeding caused by vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is normally obtained from the diet; for example it is found in green leafy vegetables, root vegetables, cereals and dairy products. Although it cannot be made by the human body itself, a certain amount of vitamin K is also made by bacteria that live in the gut. The body normally produces bile to help it absorb fats from the gut. In conditions where there is a problem with the production of bile, for example in certain liver diseases, or if there is a blockage of the bile duct, there can be problems absorbing fats. This can lead to vitamin K deficiency, decreased production of clotting factors and an increased risk of bleeding. In these situations, menadiol diphosphate is given as a vitamin K supplement to increase the production of clotting factors. It is water soluble so is readily absorbed from the gut. Also in 1974 was made attempt to develop tritiated derivatives of Synkavit (menadiol sodium diphosphate, MNDP) of high specific activity as a radioactive drug. Among the 203 evaluable treated cases, some form of response was observed in 23 out of 151 (15·2%) receiving the drug by intravenous injections and 13 out of 52 (25%) after intra-arterial injections. For the sites and types of malignant diseases which showed responses after either intravenous or intra-arterial administration among the 55 patients surviving at least 3 months after the first injection, some form of response was observed in 32 but only 5 of these showed either a "complete" or a "partial" response.It is concluded that further investigation is desirable. Kappadione is a Vitamin K derivative, was discontinued. It was manufactured by Eli Lilly and others Company.

Menadiol diphosphate is given as a vitamin K supplement to prevent bleeding caused by vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is normally obtained from the diet; for example it is found in green leafy vegetables, root vegetables, cereals and dairy products. Although it cannot be made by the human body itself, a certain amount of vitamin K is also made by bacteria that live in the gut. The body normally produces bile to help it absorb fats from the gut. In conditions where there is a problem with the production of bile, for example in certain liver diseases, or if there is a blockage of the bile duct, there can be problems absorbing fats. This can lead to vitamin K deficiency, decreased production of clotting factors and an increased risk of bleeding. In these situations, menadiol diphosphate is given as a vitamin K supplement to increase the production of clotting factors. It is water soluble so is readily absorbed from the gut. Also in 1974 was made attempt to develop tritiated derivatives of Synkavit (menadiol sodium diphosphate, MNDP) of high specific activity as a radioactive drug. Among the 203 evaluable treated cases, some form of response was observed in 23 out of 151 (15·2%) receiving the drug by intravenous injections and 13 out of 52 (25%) after intra-arterial injections. For the sites and types of malignant diseases which showed responses after either intravenous or intra-arterial administration among the 55 patients surviving at least 3 months after the first injection, some form of response was observed in 32 but only 5 of these showed either a "complete" or a "partial" response.It is concluded that further investigation is desirable. Kappadione is a Vitamin K derivative, was discontinued. It was manufactured by Eli Lilly and others Company.

Menadiol diphosphate is given as a vitamin K supplement to prevent bleeding caused by vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is normally obtained from the diet; for example it is found in green leafy vegetables, root vegetables, cereals and dairy products. Although it cannot be made by the human body itself, a certain amount of vitamin K is also made by bacteria that live in the gut. The body normally produces bile to help it absorb fats from the gut. In conditions where there is a problem with the production of bile, for example in certain liver diseases, or if there is a blockage of the bile duct, there can be problems absorbing fats. This can lead to vitamin K deficiency, decreased production of clotting factors and an increased risk of bleeding. In these situations, menadiol diphosphate is given as a vitamin K supplement to increase the production of clotting factors. It is water soluble so is readily absorbed from the gut. Also in 1974 was made attempt to develop tritiated derivatives of Synkavit (menadiol sodium diphosphate, MNDP) of high specific activity as a radioactive drug. Among the 203 evaluable treated cases, some form of response was observed in 23 out of 151 (15·2%) receiving the drug by intravenous injections and 13 out of 52 (25%) after intra-arterial injections. For the sites and types of malignant diseases which showed responses after either intravenous or intra-arterial administration among the 55 patients surviving at least 3 months after the first injection, some form of response was observed in 32 but only 5 of these showed either a "complete" or a "partial" response.It is concluded that further investigation is desirable. Kappadione is a Vitamin K derivative, was discontinued. It was manufactured by Eli Lilly and others Company.