Drofenine, product name Spasmo-Cibalgin (Novartis, Oman), is an antispasmodic/anticholinergic agent used for relaxing smooth muscle, treating dysmenorrhea, and relieving pain in the gastrointestinal tract, biliary passages, and urogenital tract. The possible therapeutic effect of drofenine is proposed by its activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid-3 (TRPV3), a member of the TRPV subfamily of TRP ion channels.

Drofenine, product name Spasmo-Cibalgin (Novartis, Oman), is an antispasmodic/anticholinergic agent used for relaxing smooth muscle, treating dysmenorrhea, and relieving pain in the gastrointestinal tract, biliary passages, and urogenital tract. The possible therapeutic effect of drofenine is proposed by its activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid-3 (TRPV3), a member of the TRPV subfamily of TRP ion channels.

Octopamine is an organic chemical closely related to norepinephrine. In many types of invertebrates it functions as a neurotransmitter. Octopamine is known to exert adrenergic effects in mammals although specific octopamine receptors have been cloned only in invertebrates. It has been shown that octopamine can stimulate alpha(2)-adrenoceptors (ARs) in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with human alpha(2)-ARs. Octopamine stimulates lipolysis through beta(3)-rather than beta(1)-or beta(2)-AR activation in white adipocytes from different mammalian species. Octopamine activates only beta(3)-ARs and is devoid of alpha(2)-adrenergic agonism. Thus, octopamine could be considered as an endogenous selective beta(3)-AR agonist. In humans Octopamine is a trace amine found endogenously in the human brain where it interacts with signalling of catecholamines; it is structurally similar to synephrine and tyramine, being a metabolite of the latter (via dopamine β-hydroxylase) and substrate for the synthesis of the former (via phenethanolamine N-methyltransferase[3]) while being perhaps the closest in structure to noradrenaline. Octopamine is found in the bitter orange similar to many biogenic amines related to L-tyrosine that are used as dietary supplements, this includes synephrine and hordenine. p-Octopamine HCl (Norphen) was studied in the late 1960’s and 1970’s as a drug for the treatment of hypotensive regulatory and circulatory disorders. Octopamine was used as a nootropic. All optical isomers (enantiomers) of octopamine are on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) 2014 list of substances prohibited in competition.

Clomocycline is the approved name of a methylol derivative of chlortetracycline. Clomocycline is a tetracycline antibiotic that is commonly prescribed by medical doctors for infections and to treat acne. It may also be used to treat urinary tract infections, gum disease, and other bacterial infections such as gonorrhea and chlamydia. Clomocycline is also used commonly as a prophylactic treatment for infection by Bacillus anthracis (anthrax). It is also effective against Yersinia pestis and malaria and is also prescribed for the treatment of Lyme disease. Clomocycline inhibits cell growth by inhibiting translation. It binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevents the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome. The binding is reversible in nature. Clomocycline is lipophilic and can easily pass through the cell membrane or passively diffuses through porin channels in the bacterial membrane. This drug has been reported to be noticeably free of side-effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Naftopidil (INN, marketed under the brand name Flivas) is a drug used in benign prostatic hypertrophy which acts as a selective alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, has been used for the treatment of benign prostatic obstruction and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) associated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare approved naftopidil for treating men with BPH in 1996. Although well-designed, randomized studies are warranted to confirm the long-term outcomes and effector/target of naftopidil, the α1A-antagonist naftopidil, which also blocks α1D-adrenoceptor, improves voiding symptoms, and may also be useful for the management of men with storage symptoms represented by nocturia, retrieving their quality of life impaired by BPH-associated LUTS. The selective alpha1D-blocker naftopidil can significantly facilitate spontaneous passage of distal ureteral stones with few side effects, providing a new choice for medical expulsive therapy.

Cathine, known as D-norpseudoephedrine, is a psychoactive drug of amphetamine class, found naturally in Catha edulis (khat). It is a norepinephrine and dopamine releasing agent, and has thermogenic and anorectic effect. In the United States, cathine is classified as a Schedule IV controlled substance. Cathine hydrochloride is used as an appetite suppressant during the first few weeks of dieting to help establish new eating habits.

Thebacon (dihydrocodeinone enol acetate, trade name Acedicon) is semisynthetic opioid analgetic and antitussive compound. Boehringer-Ingelheim merketed Acedicon for the treatment of cough. Thebacon is a Schedule I drug, that has not got approved use in US.

Dimetofrine is a selective agonist of post-synaptic a1-adrenergic receptors. The drug was investigated as a cardiostimulant to treat orthostatic hypotension. Clinical investigation showed that dimetofrine relieves asthenia, paleness, drowsiness, fatigue, headache and other symptoms associated with hypotension. It was observed, that in acidic conditions similar to conditions in the stomach, dimetofrine is able to react with nitrites with the formation of highly mutagenic compound 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ).

Etozolin is a diuretic used in Europe under the names Diulozin, Elkapin, Etopinil for the treatment of edema and hypertension. The exact mechanism of etozolin action is unknown. The current marketing status of the drug is unavailable and is supposed to be discontinued.