A-TRISACCHARIDE (or Blood group A trisaccharide), a core antigen fragment in ABO blood group system. It was found to be a major urinary carbohydrate depending on diet and blood type.

Plevitrexed is an orally bioavailable, small molecule, non-polyglutamatable, antifolate quinazoline derivative thymidine synthetase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hippuric acids, which consist of a benzoyl group linked to the N-terminal of a glycine. Plevitrexed is transported into the cell via the physiological reduced folate carrier (RFC) system. Intracellularly, this agent selectively binds to the folate binding site of thymidylate synthase and inhibits thymidine synthesis, which may result in DNA synthesis inhibition and apoptosis. Plevitrexed has been investigated for use/treatment in pancreatic cancer, solid tumors, gastric cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer.

Epitalon (amino acid sequence Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) is a synthetic peptide that has been suggested to induce the activation of ribosomal genes, decondensation of pericentromeric structural heterochromatin and the release of genes repressed due to the age-related condensation of euchromatic chromosome regions. The researchers who generated Epitalon also reported an inhibitory effect on the development of spontaneous tumors in mice, and claimed that it increases neuronal activity and can be used in the treatment of Retinitis Pigmentosa. The peptide is still under pre‐clinical and clinical development and thus has not been approved for any therapeutic and/or prophylactic use by any government health authority in the USA or Europe.

Fenvalerate is type II pyrethroid and widely used pesticide. Fenvalerate is listed under Class IV of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) Surveillance Index Classification, indicating a low hazard potential to humans from both exposure and toxicological standpoints. Fenvalerate irreversibly prolongs the sodium current during depolarization. The sensitization of sodium channels, probably tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) sodium channels, by the long-term activation of protein kinase C may play an important role in the enhancement of the duration of fenvalerate-induced nociceptive behavior in diabetic mice. Fenvalerate inhibits testosterone synthesis via pathways involving intracellular Ca(2+) and circadian clock genes (Bmal1, Rev-Erb alpha, Ror alpha) as well as StAR mRNA expression in TM3 cells. It potently inhibits human CYP2D6 and moderately CYP3A4. Fenvalerate has an anxiolytic effect on rats.

Fluasterone is a fluorinated derivative of an endogenous steroid hormone androstenolone (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA). According to in vivo studies, fluasterone possess endocrinologic effects manifested in increased estrous cycle length and decreased the weights of the uterus, prostate, seminal vesicles, and testes. The mechanism of action of fluasterone is not yet fully elucidated, but most likely involve inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate hydrogenase. Fluasterone was developed by Aeson Therapeutics and was investigated in the late 1990s for the treatment of asthma, cancer, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. The development of fluasterone for discontinued, probably due to a combination of low potency and insufficient oral bioavailability. Later, the development of fluasterone was continued by the company SteroTherapeutics. In 2018 the FDA has granted an orphan drug designation for fluasterone for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatosis, and hyperglycemia in patients with Cushing’s syndrome.

Geneticin (G-418) is produced by Micromonospora phodorangea. The antibiotic has brad spectrum antibacterial activity similar to gentamicins and other previously described aminoglycosides but of particular interest because of its high activity against protozoa, amoebae, tapeworm and pinworm infections in mice. G418 blocks polypeptide synthesis by inhibiting the elongation step in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. G418 is commonly used in laboratory research to select genetically engineered cells.