Fiboflapon sodium (GSK2190915) is a high affinity 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein inhibitor being developed for the treatment of asthma. The compound was originally developed by Amira Pharmaceuticals. Fiboflapon sodium (GSK2190915) exhibits excellent preclinical toxicology and pharmacokinetics in rat and dog. GSK2190915 also demonstrated an extended pharmacodynamic effect in a rodent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) model. Oral administration of Fiboflapon sodium (GSK2190915) (1 mg/kg) resulted in sustained inhibition of ex vivo ionophore-challenged whole blood LTB4 biosynthesis with >90% inhibition for up to 12 h and an EC50 of approximately 7 nM. When rat lungs were challenged in vivo with calcium-ionophore, Fiboflapon sodium inhibited LTB4 and cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) production with ED50s of 0.12 mg/kg and 0.37 mg/kg, respectively. Fiboflapon sodium is in Phase-II for Asthma (Adjunctive treatment) in Poland, Ukraine, Bulgaria, USA, United Kingdom and Canada (PO).

3-Indolepropionic acid (IN-OX1; Indole-3-propionic acid; OX-1; Oxigon; SHP 22; SHP-622; VP-20629), an endogenous substance produced by bacteria in the intestine, is a deamination product of Tryptophan (T947200) that protects the hippocampus (studied in gerbils) from ischemic damage and oxidative stress. It’s ability to protect the neurons in this way is attributed to its potent antioxidative effects. 3-Indolepropionic acid is also hypothesized to have protective effects on the thyroid gland. 3-Indolepropionic acid is being studied for therapeutic use in Alzheimer's disease. 3-Indolepropionic acid (IPA) completely protected primary neurons and neuroblastoma cells against oxidative damage and death caused by exposure to Abeta, by inhibition of superoxide dismutase, or by treatment with hydrogen peroxide. In kinetic competition experiments using free radical-trapping agents, the capacity of IPA to scavenge hydroxyl radicals exceeded that of melatonin, an indoleamine considered to be the most potent naturally occurring scavenger of free radicals. In contrast with other antioxidants, IPA was not converted to reactive intermediates with pro-oxidant activity. In 2011, Intellect redirected the focus of the OX1 program from Alzheimer's disease to FA (Friedreich's Ataxia). Research suggests that the symptoms associated with FA are the result of oxidative stress caused by the abnormal accumulation of iron. OX1's ability to neutralize ROS could be an effective agent to reduce oxidative stress in FA, thereby eliminating the symptoms of FA and increasing both quality of life and longevity in affected individuals.

Alseres Pharmaceuticals is developing an 123I-labelled imaging agent, Altropane®, as a diagnostic aid in Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. Altropane is a molecular-imaging agent that specifically binds to the dopamine transporter (DAT) protein found on the surface of dopamine-producing neurons, making it visible during SPECT imaging. Since most forms of Parkinsonian Syndromes result in a decreased number of dopamine-producing cells, it would be expected that these patients also have fewer DATs than do patients without PS. Thus, it is believed that altropane used in conjunction with SPECT imaging could be a useful test to distinguish Parkinsonian Syndrome tremors from non-Parkinsonian tremor: non-Parkinsonian patients would have more altropane-binding visible in the SPECT image, while Parkinsonian patients would have less. The E isomer of (123)I-2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-iodoprop-1-en-3-yl)nortropane (Altropane(R)) shows high affinity (IC(50) = 6.62 +/- 0.78 nmol) and selectivity (DA/5-HT = 25) for DAT sites in the striatum. Altropane is presently in Phase III clinical development for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.

Scopoletin is a coumarin that can be isolated from plants of the genus Scopolia. It has been identified as a natural antifungal compound. Scopoletin was also demonstrated to be an MAO inhibitor capable of increasing dopamine levels in mice and is therefore of potential interest for developing treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.

Granotapide (JTT-130) has been studied for use in treatment of diabetes mellitus type II. This intestine-specific microsomal transfer protein inhibitor has hypoglycemic effects. Granotapide is thought to block fat absorption, which results in enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and enhanced insulin sensitivity. In an animal study, granotapide improved hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia via a mechanism independent of suppression of food intake. Granotapide enhances glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion and reduces lipotoxicity. A phase 2 study has been conducted to evaluate the effect of JTT-130 on diabetes as well as the safety and tolerability of JTT-130 in obese Type 2 diabetic patients.

Burixafor is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) with receptor binding and hematopoietic stem cell-mobilization activities. Burixafor binds to the chemokine receptor CXCR4, thereby preventing the binding of stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12) to the CXCR4 receptor and subsequent receptor activation; this may induce the mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from the bone marrow into the blood. CXC motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) blockade is pursued as an alternative to mesenchymal stem cell treatment after heart transplantation. The augmentation of conventional mycophenolate mofetil plus corticosteroids with a CXCR4 antagonist is potentially effective in improving outcomes after heart transplantation in humans

GM-602 (GM6) is a six-amino-acid active analog peptide of Motoneuronotrophic factor (MNTF). This compound is a small peptide that can cross the blood-brain barrier and has been shown to induce an embryonic-like neuroprotective microenvironment that helps detect and self-correct CNS- and neurodegenerative-related pathophysiology. Phase II clinical trials with GM-602, GM-604 and GM-608 have been completed to examine its potential in respectively stroke, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Parkinson’s disease.

Bisegliptin (also known as KRP-104) was developed as an orally active dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) inhibitor. It is known, that DPPIV inhibition reduces blood glucose through suppression of the degradation of the insulin-releasing hormone. Bisegliptin successfully completed the phase II clinical trials for patients with type 2 diabetes. However, further development of the drug has been discontinued for business reason. The company wasn’t able to find a tie-up partner to co-develop.

Mavoglurant (AFQ056) was developed as a new metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonist. The efficacy of mavoglurant in humans has been assessed in L-dopa induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease and Fragile X syndrome in proof of principle clinical studies. However, Novartis had announced that the company would be discontinuing its development program in Fragile X following negative results in a large international clinical trial in adults, and more recently in a trial in adolescents. In both placebo-controlled trials, patients taking mavoglurant did not show improvement over placebo in any outcome measures. In patients with L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias studies failed to meet the primary objective of demonstrating improvement of dyskinesia. Mavoglurant was also investigated in phase II clinical trials to reduce chorea in Huntington's disease, but the target result was not achieved. Currently Novartis is conducting a phase II clinical trial to demonstrate whether or not this drug can benificially reduce cocaine use in Cocaine Use Disorder.