Oxilofrine is a sympathomimetic used to treat hypotensive states, with cardiac stimulatory effects similar to those of ephedrine. It has never been approved for use in the USA as a prescription drug or as a dietary supplement. Oxilofrine has been found (1) to act predominantly as a beta1 agonist increasing the speed and force of heart muscle contraction (inotropic effects), specifically, increasing left ventricular ejection fraction and stroke volume; (2) to increase blood pressure; (3) to have variable effects on heart rate; and (4) to potentially increase oxygen uptake by the lungs.

Celiprolol is beta blocker, used to treat high blood pressure. Celiprolol is a selective β1 receptor antagonist, β2 receptor partial agonist. Celiprolol is not approved by the FDA, but is available worldwide under brand names Cardem, Selectol, Celipres, Celipro, Celol, Cordiax, Dilanorm. It is used to treat mild to moderate hypertension and angina prectoris. In 2010 celiprolol has demonstrated positive results in the prevention of vascular complications of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Celiprolol has fewer CNS-related side effects than other beta blockers presumably because of limited penetration through blood-brain barrier because of its solubility.

Etilefrine is a cardiac stimulant used as an antihypotensive. Intravenous infusion of this compound increases cardiac output, stroke volume, venous return and blood pressure in man and experimental animals, suggesting stimulation of both α and β adrenergic receptors. However, in vitro studies indicate that etilefrine has a much higher affinity for β1 (cardiac) than for β2 adrenoreceptors. Intravenous etilefrine increases the pulse rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, central venous pressure and mean arterial pressure of healthy individuals. Marked falls in pulse rate, cardiac output, stroke volume and peripheral bloodflow, accompanied by rises in mean arterial pressure, occur when etilefrine is infused after administration of intravenous propranolol 2,5 mg. These findings indicate that etilefrine has both β1 and α1 adrenergic effects in man. The French Health Products Agency concluded that etilefrine and heptaminol have an unfavourable harm-benefit balance, and also placed restrictions on the use of midodrine.