Menthyl lactate is derived from menthol, a compound that comes from peppermint oil, or is made synthetically. Menthol has a natural cooling effect, which makes it useful as a topical analgesic to treat skin irritation, pain, itching or sunburn. Despite its cooling benefits, menthol can be a skin irritant. Like menthol, menthyl lactate is cooling, but it causes less skin irritation than menthol. Menthyl lactate also has a refreshing, minty taste. For this reason, some manufacturers use it as a flavoring ingredient. The compound is recommended for use as a flavor in concentrations of 0.005% to 0.2% and in cosmetic and other external products in concentrations ranging from 0.2% to 2.0%. Menthyl lactate is a known compound available e.g. from Haarmann & Reimer GmbH (Germany) under the name FRESCOLAT, Type ML.

Hydroxytamoxifen (Afimoxifene) is an active metabolite of tamoxifen exerting estrogen receptor modulatory function. In addition, hydroxytamoxifen binds to regulates transcriptional activity of the estrogen-related receptor gamma. ASCEND Therapeutics, Inc. was developing TamoGel (4-hydroxytamoxifen gel) for a variety of estrogen-dependent conditions, including breast cancer, cyclic breast pain and gynecomastia.

Mivacurium chloride (Mivacron) is a new benzylisoquinolinium choline-like diester neuromuscular blocking drug with an onset of action at equipotent doses that is comparable to atracurium and vecuronium but slower than succinylcholine. MIVACRON (a mixture of three stereoisomers) binds competitively to cholinergic receptors on the motor end-plate to antagonize the action of acetylcholine, resulting in a block of neuromuscular transmission. This action is antagonized by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as neostigmine. MIVACRON is a short-acting neuromuscular blocking agent indicated for inpatients and outpatients, as an adjunct to general anesthesia, to facilitate tracheal intubation and to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation.

Doxacurium chloride (formerly recognized as BW938U80 or BW A938U) is a neuromuscular-blocking drug or skeletal muscle relaxant in the category of non-depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking drugs, used adjunctively in anesthesia for endotracheal intubation or to facilitate mechanical ventilation. Unlike a number of other related skeletal muscle relaxants, it is rarely used adjunctively to facilitate endotracheal intubation. Doxacurium chloride is a mixture of three trans, trans stereoisomers, a dl pair [(1R,1'R ,2S,2'S ) and (1S,1'S ,2R,2'R )] and a meso form (1R,1'S,2S,2'R). NUROMAX binds competitively to cholinergic receptors on the motor end-plate to antagonize the action of acetylcholine, resulting in a block of neuromuscular transmission. This action is antagonized by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as neostigmine.

Strychnine is an indole alkaloid obtained from the seeds of the Indian tree Strychnos nux-vomica. It gets its scientific name “strychnos” from Carl Linnaeus, who classified it back in 1753, but it was known to the population of India way before then. Nux vomica originates in India. Strychnine-containing baits are currently labelled for below-ground use and are intended for the control of pocket gophers. Their use as indoor pesticides has been eliminated since 1989. In the past, strychnine has been used as a pesticide to control rats, moles, gophers, and coyotes. Strychnine is highly toxic to most domestic animals. Strychnine is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea.

Cosyntropin (ACTH (1–24)) is a synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone. It is intended for use as a diagnostic agent in the screening of patients presumed to have adrenocortical insufficiency. Cosyntropin may bind to sites located on the adrenergic nerve endings associated with the cardiac tissue, and such binding would interfere with the neuronal reuptake of the catecholamines

N-(2-Bromophenyl)-9-Methyl-9-Azabicyclo[3.3.1]Nonan-3-Amine (also known as AT-1001) is a high-affinity and highly selective ligand at α3β4 nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs) that was reported to decrease nicotine self-administration in rats. AT-1001 has a single-digit nanomolar binding affinity for the α3β4 nAChR and over 100-fold selectivity over the α4β2 nAChR and α7 nAChR in competition binding experiments. In electrophysiological experiments, AT-1001 had partial agonist activity at the α3β4 nAChR, evoking 35% of maximum ACh response, and at the same doses, produced desensitization of the ACh response, effectively acting as a functional antagonist at the α3β4 nAChR. Interestingly, AT-1001 also selectively decreased self-administration of cigarette smoke extract (CSE), an aqueous extract of cigarette smoke components, without altering natural food intake, when administered systemically to rats trained to self-administer CSE

Pentosan polysulfate sodium (brand name ELMIRON) is a low molecular weight heparin-like compound. It has anticoagulant and fibrinolytic effects and is indicated for the relief of bladder pain or discomfort associated with interstitial cystitis. The mechanism of action of pentosan polysulfate sodium in interstitial cystitis is not known but was discovered, that it t binds Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) as well as other heparin-binding growth factors.