Octamylamine is an Antispasmodic. Trademark: Octinum D.

Ripasudil (K-115) is a selective Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor. This compound, which was originally discovered by D. Western Therapeutics Institute, Inc., reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) by directly acting on the trabecular meshwork, thereby increasing conventional outflow through the Schlemm's canal. As a result of this mechanism of action, ripasudil may offer additive effects in the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension when used in combination with agents such as prostaglandin analogues (which increase uveoscleral outflow) and β blockers (which reduce aqueous production). GLANATEC® (Ripasudil hydrochloride hydrate) ophthalmic solution 0.4% is launched in Japan for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

Octopamine is an organic chemical closely related to norepinephrine. In many types of invertebrates it functions as a neurotransmitter. Octopamine is known to exert adrenergic effects in mammals although specific octopamine receptors have been cloned only in invertebrates. It has been shown that octopamine can stimulate alpha(2)-adrenoceptors (ARs) in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with human alpha(2)-ARs. Octopamine stimulates lipolysis through beta(3)-rather than beta(1)-or beta(2)-AR activation in white adipocytes from different mammalian species. Octopamine activates only beta(3)-ARs and is devoid of alpha(2)-adrenergic agonism. Thus, octopamine could be considered as an endogenous selective beta(3)-AR agonist. In humans Octopamine is a trace amine found endogenously in the human brain where it interacts with signalling of catecholamines; it is structurally similar to synephrine and tyramine, being a metabolite of the latter (via dopamine β-hydroxylase) and substrate for the synthesis of the former (via phenethanolamine N-methyltransferase[3]) while being perhaps the closest in structure to noradrenaline. Octopamine is found in the bitter orange similar to many biogenic amines related to L-tyrosine that are used as dietary supplements, this includes synephrine and hordenine. p-Octopamine HCl (Norphen) was studied in the late 1960’s and 1970’s as a drug for the treatment of hypotensive regulatory and circulatory disorders. Octopamine was used as a nootropic. All optical isomers (enantiomers) of octopamine are on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) 2014 list of substances prohibited in competition.

Icotinib is an orally available quinazoline-based inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor. It selectively inhibits the wild-type and several mutated forms of EGFR tyrosine kinase. The major organ of icotinib metabolism is the liver, with the primarily enzymes being CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 from the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system. Icotinib Hydrochloride was approved for the treatment of patients with advanced stage Nonsmall cell lung cancer by the State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) of China. The major drug related adverse reactions of the traditional cytotoxic agents include rash, diarrhea, severe bone marrow suppression, neuropathy, hair loss, and gastrointestinal reactions. Icotinib is under investigation as an active agent against other EGFR mutation-positive cancers, like lung adenocarcinoma, oesophageal cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer and others.

Naphthoquine is an antimalarial drug first synthesized in China in 1986 but which was not developed for clinical use until the late 1990s. This drug now is used in combination for treatment of Plasmodium Falciparum and Malaria. The use of anti-malarial drug combinations with artemisinin or with one of its derivatives is now widely recommended to overcome drug resistance in falciparum as well as vivax malaria. The fixed oral dose artemisinin-naphthoquine combination (ANQ, ARCO™) is a newer artemisinin-based combination (ACT) therapy undergoing clinical assessment.

Pixantrone is a novel anthracenedione. It is a weak inhibitor of topoisomerase II. Pixantrone directly alkylates DNA forming stable DNA adducts and cross-strand breaks. Pixuvri is approved for the treatment of adult patients with multiply relapsed or refractory aggressive Non-Hodgkin lymphomas. It is used for patients whose cancer does not respond or has returned after they have received other chemotherapy treatments. The most frequent AE were seen in the blood (mainly neutropaenia), gastrointestinal (nausea, abdominal pain, constipation) and respiratory systems (cough, dyspnea). No drug-drug interaction studies have been submitted and no drug interactions have been reported in human subjects

Nitrovin (hydrochloride salt) is a discontinued food additive that was used in veterinarian practice to promote growth. Nitrovin was shown to inhibit Salmonella growth both in vitro and in vivo (in chickens).

Ethamsylate (2,5-dihydroxy-benzene-sulfonate diethylammonium salt) is a synthetic hemostatic drug indicated in cases of capillary bleeding. Ethamsylate acts on the first step of hemostasis by improving platelet adhesiveness and restoring capillary resistance. In addition it inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis. Well-controlled clinical trials clearly showed the therapeutic efficacy of ethamsylate in dysfunctional uterine bleeding, with the magnitude of blood-loss reduction being directly proportional to the severity of the menorrhagia. Other well-controlled clinical trials showed therapeutic efficacy of ethamsylate in periventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight babies and surgical or postsurgical capillary bleeding.

Enilconazole is a synthetic broad-spectrum antimycotic with a high activity against most of the common dermatophytes and various other fungi and yeasts. It is a selective inhibitor of ergosterol biosynthesis, an essential component of the cell membrane of fungi and yeasts. This results in irreversible changes which are the origin of the fungicidal effect. Enilconazole is marketed under the brand name Imaverol among others. Imaverol concentrated solution is a synthetic antimycotic with a potent antifungal action against dermatophytes such as: Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton equinum, and Microsporum canis in horses and dogs.

Raltitrexed belongs to a group of medicines known as antimetabolites. It is used to treat cancer of the colon and rectum. It may also be used to treat other kinds of cancer, as determined by your doctor. Raltitrexed blocks an enzyme needed by the cell to live. This interferes with the growth of cancer cells, which are eventually destroyed. Since the growth of normal body cells may also be affected by raltitrexed, other effects will also occur. Some of these may be serious and must be reported to your doctor. Other effects, like hair loss, may not be serious but may cause concern. Raltitrexed inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS) leading to DNA fragmentation and cell death. It is transported into cells via a reduced folate carrier. Inside the cell Raltitrexed is extensively polyglutamated, which enhances thymidylate synthase inhibitory power and duration. Inhibition of this enzyme results in decreased synthesis of thymidine triphosphate which is required for DNA synthesis. Raltitrexed is used for the treatment of malignant neoplasm of colon and rectum. Although raltitrexed is not approved by the US FDA, the drug was licensed in Canada and some European countries.