Cefamandole (also known as cephamandole) is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic. The clinically used form of cefamandole is an ester form, cefamandole nafate, a prodrug. Cefamandole is no longer available in USA, but it has prescription in UK. Cefamandole under brand name mandol is indicated for the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms such as: lower respiratory infections, including pneumonia, caused by S. pneumoniae. So as urinary tract infections caused by E. coli, Proteus spp.; peritonitis caused by E. coli and Enterobacter spp. Septicemia caused by E. coli; skin and skin structure infections caused by S. aureus; bone and joint infections caused by S. aureus (penicillinase- and non-penicillinase-producing). Like all beta-lactam antibiotics, cefamandole binds to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, causing the inhibition of the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins then mediate cell lysis; it is possible that cefamandole interferes with an autolysin inhibitor.

Cefamandole (also known as cephamandole) is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic. The clinically used form of cefamandole is an ester form, cefamandole nafate, a prodrug. Cefamandole is no longer available in USA, but it has prescription in UK. Cefamandole under brand name mandol is indicated for the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms such as: lower respiratory infections, including pneumonia, caused by S. pneumoniae. So as urinary tract infections caused by E. coli, Proteus spp.; peritonitis caused by E. coli and Enterobacter spp. Septicemia caused by E. coli; skin and skin structure infections caused by S. aureus; bone and joint infections caused by S. aureus (penicillinase- and non-penicillinase-producing). Like all beta-lactam antibiotics, cefamandole binds to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, causing the inhibition of the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins then mediate cell lysis; it is possible that cefamandole interferes with an autolysin inhibitor.

Spectinomycin is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of acute gonorrheal urethritis and proctitis in the male and acute gonorrheal cervicitis and proctitis in the female when due to susceptible strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In vitro studies have shown spectinomycin to be active against most strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (minimum inhibitory concentration <7.5 to 20 mcg/mL). Footprint studies indicate that spectinomycin exerts regional effects on ribosomal structure. Spectinomycin hydrochloride is an inhibitor of protein synthesis in the bacterial cell; the site of action is the 30S ribosomal subunit. The antibiotic is not significantly bound to plasma protein. Spectinomycin was discovered 1961. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system. This antibiotic is no longer available in the United States. Pfizer has discontinued distribution of spectinomycin (Trobicin) in the U.S. The drug continues to be distributed outside the U.S.

Spectinomycin is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of acute gonorrheal urethritis and proctitis in the male and acute gonorrheal cervicitis and proctitis in the female when due to susceptible strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In vitro studies have shown spectinomycin to be active against most strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (minimum inhibitory concentration <7.5 to 20 mcg/mL). Footprint studies indicate that spectinomycin exerts regional effects on ribosomal structure. Spectinomycin hydrochloride is an inhibitor of protein synthesis in the bacterial cell; the site of action is the 30S ribosomal subunit. The antibiotic is not significantly bound to plasma protein. Spectinomycin was discovered 1961. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system. This antibiotic is no longer available in the United States. Pfizer has discontinued distribution of spectinomycin (Trobicin) in the U.S. The drug continues to be distributed outside the U.S.

Spectinomycin is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of acute gonorrheal urethritis and proctitis in the male and acute gonorrheal cervicitis and proctitis in the female when due to susceptible strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In vitro studies have shown spectinomycin to be active against most strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (minimum inhibitory concentration <7.5 to 20 mcg/mL). Footprint studies indicate that spectinomycin exerts regional effects on ribosomal structure. Spectinomycin hydrochloride is an inhibitor of protein synthesis in the bacterial cell; the site of action is the 30S ribosomal subunit. The antibiotic is not significantly bound to plasma protein. Spectinomycin was discovered 1961. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system. This antibiotic is no longer available in the United States. Pfizer has discontinued distribution of spectinomycin (Trobicin) in the U.S. The drug continues to be distributed outside the U.S.

Spectinomycin is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of acute gonorrheal urethritis and proctitis in the male and acute gonorrheal cervicitis and proctitis in the female when due to susceptible strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In vitro studies have shown spectinomycin to be active against most strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (minimum inhibitory concentration <7.5 to 20 mcg/mL). Footprint studies indicate that spectinomycin exerts regional effects on ribosomal structure. Spectinomycin hydrochloride is an inhibitor of protein synthesis in the bacterial cell; the site of action is the 30S ribosomal subunit. The antibiotic is not significantly bound to plasma protein. Spectinomycin was discovered 1961. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system. This antibiotic is no longer available in the United States. Pfizer has discontinued distribution of spectinomycin (Trobicin) in the U.S. The drug continues to be distributed outside the U.S.

Spectinomycin is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of acute gonorrheal urethritis and proctitis in the male and acute gonorrheal cervicitis and proctitis in the female when due to susceptible strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In vitro studies have shown spectinomycin to be active against most strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (minimum inhibitory concentration <7.5 to 20 mcg/mL). Footprint studies indicate that spectinomycin exerts regional effects on ribosomal structure. Spectinomycin hydrochloride is an inhibitor of protein synthesis in the bacterial cell; the site of action is the 30S ribosomal subunit. The antibiotic is not significantly bound to plasma protein. Spectinomycin was discovered 1961. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system. This antibiotic is no longer available in the United States. Pfizer has discontinued distribution of spectinomycin (Trobicin) in the U.S. The drug continues to be distributed outside the U.S.

Methacycline is a tetracycline antibiotic. Similar to other tetracyclines, it has a wide spectrum of antimicrobial action. It is active against most Gram-positive bacteria (pneumococci, streptococci, staphylococci) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, salmonella, shigella, etc.), and towards agents causing onithosis, psittacosis, trachoma, and some Protozoa. Like other tetracyclines, the general usefulness of methacycline has been reduced with the onset of bacterial resistance. Methacycline inhibits the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. Methacycline inhibits cell growth by inhibiting translation. It binds to the 16S part of the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevents the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome. Methacycline is mostly used for the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.

Methacycline is a tetracycline antibiotic. Similar to other tetracyclines, it has a wide spectrum of antimicrobial action. It is active against most Gram-positive bacteria (pneumococci, streptococci, staphylococci) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, salmonella, shigella, etc.), and towards agents causing onithosis, psittacosis, trachoma, and some Protozoa. Like other tetracyclines, the general usefulness of methacycline has been reduced with the onset of bacterial resistance. Methacycline inhibits the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. Methacycline inhibits cell growth by inhibiting translation. It binds to the 16S part of the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevents the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome. Methacycline is mostly used for the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.

Cloxacillin is a derivative of penicillin for the treatment of broad spectrum of bacterial infections. The drug exerts its action by inhiiting bacterial beta-lactamase (penicillin-binding proteins).