Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is the methyl ester of fumaric acid. DMF was initially recognized as a very effective hypoxic cell radiosensitizer. Later, DMF combined with three other fumaric acid esters (FAE) was licensed in Germany as oral therapy for psoriasis (trade name Fumaderm). Phase III clinical trials found that DMF (BG-12) successfully reduced relapse rate and increased time to progression of disability in multiple sclerosis (trade name Tecfidera). DMF is thought to have immunomodulatory properties without significant immunosuppression. The mechanism of action of dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis is not well understood. It is thought to involve dimethyl fumarate degradation to its active metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) then MMF up-regulates the Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway that is activated in response to oxidative stress. Dimethyl fumarate is marketed under the brand name Tecfidera.

Dabrafenib is a selective, orally bioavailable inhibitor of Mutant BRAF protein kinase with potential antineoplastic activity. Dabrafenib inhibits BRAF kinases with in vitro IC50 values of 0.65, 0.5, and 1.84 nM for BRAF V600E, BRAF V600K, and BRAF V600D enzymes, respectively. Dabrafenib also inhibits wild-type BRAF and CRAF kinases with IC50 values of 3.2 and 5.0 nM. BRAF belongs to the the raf/mil family of serine/threonine protein kinases and plays a role in regulating the MAP kinase/ERKs signaling pathway, which may be constitutively activated due to BRAF gene mutations. Mutations in BRAF are associated with increased growth and proliferation of cancer cells. By inhibiting BRAF kinase dabrafenib negatively regulates the proliferation of tumor cells which contain a mutated BRAF gene. Dabrafenib (in combination with trametinib or alone) is indicated for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation

Trametinib is a reversible and specific inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases MEK1 and MEK2 which are involved in a RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway and control cell growth, survival, and differentiation. By inhibiting MEK1 and MEK2 trametinib blocks dual phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and stops cell cycling. In addition, trametinib blocks BRAF pathway in the cells with BRAF V600E mutations. Trametinib (as a single agent and in combination with dabrafenib) is approved for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations.

Vilanterol (INN, USAN) is an ultra-long-acting β2 adrenoreceptor agonist (ultra-LABA), which was approved in May 2013 in combination with fluticasone furoate for sale as Breo Ellipta by GlaxoSmithKline for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Its pharmacological effect is attributable to stimulation of intracellular adenylyl cyclase which catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3’,5’-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Increases in cyclic AMP are associated with relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of hypersensitivity mediators from mast cells in the lungs. Vilanterol is available in following combinations: a) with inhaled corticosteroid fluticasone furoate — fluticasone furoate/vilanterol (trade names Breo Ellipta , Relvar Ellipta; b) with muscarinic antagonist umeclidinium bromide — umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol (trade name Anoro Ellipta).

Dolutegravir is an integrase inhibitor that is meant to be used as part of combination therapy for the treatment of HIV. Dolutegravir inhibits HIV integrase by binding to the integrase active site and blocking the strand transfer step of retroviral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) integration which is essential for the HIV replication cycle. Dolutegravir coadministered with dofetilide can result in potentially life-threatening adverse events.

Dolutegravir is an integrase inhibitor that is meant to be used as part of combination therapy for the treatment of HIV. Dolutegravir inhibits HIV integrase by binding to the integrase active site and blocking the strand transfer step of retroviral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) integration which is essential for the HIV replication cycle. Dolutegravir coadministered with dofetilide can result in potentially life-threatening adverse events.

Radium Ra 223 dichloride is a radiotherapeutic drug that is approved for the treatment of male patients with symptoms of advanced prostate cancer with bone metastases. Ra 223 mimics calcium and forms complexes with the bone mineral hydroxyapatite at areas of increased bone turnover. The radioactive alpha particles emitted by radium Ra 223 helps in killing cancer cells in the bone by damaging their DNA. Radium Ra 223 causes minimal damage to the nearby healthy cells.

Alogliptin (trade name Nesina in the US and Vipidia in Europe) is an orally administered anti-diabetic drug in the DPP-4 inhibitor class, discovered by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company's wholly owned subsidiary, Takeda San Diego, Inc. (former Syrrx) which was acquired by Takeda in 2005. Alogliptin does not decrease the risk of heart attack and stroke. Like other members of the gliptin class, it causes little or no weight gain, exhibits relatively little risk of causing hypoglycemia, and exhibits relatively modest glucose-lowering activity. Alogliptin and other gliptins are commonly used in combination with metformin in patients whose diabetes cannot adequately be controlled with metformin alone.

Eslicarbazepine acetate is a third generation antiepileptic drug indicated for the treatment of partial-onset seizures. Structurally, it belongs to the dibenzazepine family and is closely related to carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine. Eslicarbazepine acetate was developed by scientists in Portugal. Its main mechanism of action is by blocking the voltage-gated sodium channel. Eslicarbazepine acetate is a pro-drug that is rapidly metabolized almost exclusively into eslicarbazepine (S-licarbazepine), the biologically active drug. It has a favorable pharmacokinetic and drug-drug interaction profile. However, it may induce the metabolism of oral contraceptives and should be used with caution in females of child-bearing age.

Canagliflozin (INN, trade name Invokana or Sulisent) is a drug of the gliflozin class. It was developed by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma and is marketed under license by Janssen, a division of Johnson & Johnson. Canagliflozin is an antidiabetic drug used to improve glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2), expressed in the proximal renal tubules, is responsible for the majority of the reabsorption of filtered glucose from the tubular lumen. Canagliflozin is an inhibitor of SGLT2. By inhibiting SGLT2, canagliflozin reduces reabsorption of filtered glucose and lowers the renal threshold for glucose (RTG), and thereby increases urinary glucose excretion. In extensive clinical trials, canagliflozin produced a consistent dose-dependent reduction in HbA1c of 0.77% to 1.16% when administered as monotherapy, combination with metformin, combination with metformin and a sulfonylurea, combination with metformin and pioglitazone, and in combination with insulin from a baselines of 7.8% to 8.1%, in combination with metformin, or in combination with metformin and a sulfonylurea. When added to metformin, canagliflozin 100 mg was shown to be non-inferior to both sitagliptin 100 mg and glimepiride in reductions on HbA1c at one year, whilst canagliflozin 300 mg successfully demonstrated statistical superiority over both sitagliptin and glimiperide in HbA1c reductions. Secondary efficacy endpoint of superior body weight reduction and blood pressure reduction (versus sitagliptin and glimiperide)) were observed as well. Canagliflozin produces beneficial effects on HDL cholesterol whilst increasing LDL cholesterol to produce no change in total cholesterol.