Mexiletine is a non-selective voltage-gated sodium channel blocker which belongs to the Class IB anti-arrhythmic group of medicines. It is used to treat heart arrhythmias. Mexiletine is also used to treat refractory pain and muscle stiffness resulting in myotonic dystrophy or myotonia congenita. Mexiletine was approved for commercial use in 1985 under the brand name Mexitil, but most marketing efforts have since been discontinued. There has been a continued effort to identify other therapeutic use cases and a number of clinical trials have been conducted including ALS and chronic pain from amputation.

Sulconazole (trade name Exelderm) is an antifungal medication of the imidazole class. Sulconazole has a broad spectrum of antifungal activity in vitro and has been shown to be an effective topical antifungal agent for the management of superficial fungal infections of the skin, particularly dermatophytosis and tinea versicolor. Sulconazole inhibits the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme, C-14-alpha-demethylase by binding to the heme iron of the enzyme. This results in a largely fungistatic effect. The selectivity of azole antifungal agents for pathogenic organisms compared with mammalian cells appears to depend on a preferred affinity of these drugs for fungal versus mammalian cytochrome P-450 sterol demethylases. Enzyme inhibition by sulconazole prevents the synthesis of ergosterol, a sterol found in fungal cell membranes but, in general, not in mammalian cell membranes. Additionally, lanosterol accumulates, which changes membrane permeability, cell volume, secondary metabolic effects, and causes defective cell division and growth inhibition. As sulconazole is primarily fungistatic, an intact immune system may be needed for infection resolution.In selected situations, sulconazole may have growth phase-dependent fungicidal activity against very susceptible organisms. The 1% concentration of sulconazole may greatly exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration and exert a direct physiochemical effect on the fungal cell membrane. The fungicidal effect may be due to hydrophobic interactions between sulconazole and unsaturated fatty acids in the membrane. Mammalian cells generally have little or no unsaturated fatty acids. Sulconazole may also prevent DNA and RNA synthesis and increase their degradation.Sulconazole has activity against many dermatophytes and yeast. One measure of the drug's antifungal activity is the relative inhibition factor (RIF). The RIF approaches 0% for a drug to which a fungus is highly sensitive and 100% for a drug that is non-inhibitory. The RIF values of sulconazole for Candida species, Aspergillus species, and dermatophytes are broadly similar to those of clotrimazole, econazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, and tioconazole. The mean RIF values were 69% (30—98%) for Candida species, 71% (61—82%) for Aspergillus species, and 12% (5—18%) for dermatophytes. Sulconazole is available as a cream or solution to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, ringworm, jock itch, and sun fungus.

Butoconazole, trade names Gynazole-1, an imidazole antifungal used in gynecology for the local treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis (infections caused by Candida). The exact mechanism of the antifungal action of butoconazole nitrate is unknown; however, it is presumed to function as other imidazole derivatives via inhibition of steroid synthesis. Imidazoles generally inhibit the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, resulting in a change in fungal cell membrane lipid composition. This structural change alters cell permeability and, ultimately, results in the osmotic disruption or growth inhibition of the fungal cell.

Nabilone is a synthetic cannabinoid approved under the brand name cesamet for treatment of severe nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. Nabilone is an orally active which, like other cannabinoids, has complex effects on the central nervous system (CNS). It has been suggested that the antiemetic effect of nabilone is caused by interaction with the cannabinoid receptor system, i.e. the CB (1) receptor, which has been discovered in neural tissues.

Bupropion, an antidepressant of the aminoketone class and a non-nicotine aid to smoking cessation, is chemically unrelated to tricyclic, tetracyclic, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, or other known antidepressant agents. Compared to classical tricyclic antidepressants, Bupropion is a relatively weak inhibitor of the neuronal uptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. In addition, Bupropion does not inhibit monoamine oxidase. Bupropion produces dose-related central nervous system (CNS) stimulant effects in animals, as evidenced by increased locomotor activity, increased rates of responding in various schedule-controlled operant behavior tasks, and, at high doses, induction of mild stereotyped behavior. Bupropion is marketed as Wellbutrin, Zyban, and generics. Bupropion is indicated for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). WELLBUTRIN, WELLBUTRIN SR, and WELLBUTRIN XL are not approved for smoking cessation treatment, but bupropion under the name ZYBAN is approved for this use.

Iohexol is a nonionic, water-soluble radiographic contrast medium. Organic iodine compounds block x-rays as they pass through the body, thereby allowing body structures containing iodine to be delineated in contrast to those structures that do not contain iodine. It is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Drugs which lower seizure threshold, especially phenothiazine derivatives including those used for their antihistaminic or antinauseant properties, are not recommended for use with Iohexol. Others include monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, CNS stimulants, psychoactive drugs described as analeptics, major tranquilizers, or antipsychotic drugs. The most frequently reported adverse reactions are headache, mild to moderate pain including backache, neckache and stiffness, nausea, and vomiting.

CLOBETASOL, a derivative of prednisolone with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than fluocinonide, it is used topically in the treatment of psoriasis but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression. For short-term topical treatment of the inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of moderate to severe corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses of the scalp. Like other topical corticosteroids, clobetasol has anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive properties. It is a very high potency topical corticosteroid that should not be used with occlusive dressings. Topical corticosteroids share anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive properties. The mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of topical steroids is unclear. However, corticosteroids are thought to act by the induction of phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins, collectively called lipocortins. It is postulated that these proteins control the biosynthesis of potent mediators of inflammation such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting the release of their common precursor, arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2. Initially, however, clobetasol, like other corticosteroids, bind to the glucocorticoid receptor, which complexes, enters the cell nucleus and modifies genetic transcription (transrepression/transactivation).

Ceftazidime is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, beta-lactam antibiotic, used especially for Pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients. Ceftazidime is used to treat lower respiratory tract, skin, urinary tract, blood-stream, joint, and abdominal infections, and meningitis. The drug is given intravenously (IV) or intramuscularly (IM) every 8–12 hours (two or three times a day), with dose and frequency varying by the type of infection, severity, and/or renal function of the patient. Injectable formulations of ceftazidime are currently nebulized "off-label" to manage Cystic Fibrosis, non-Cystic Fibrosis bronchiectasis, drug-resistant nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and post-transplant airway infections. Ceftazidime is generally well-tolerated. When side effects do occur, they are most commonly local effects from the intravenous line site, allergic reactions, and gastrointestinal symptoms. According to one manufacturer, in clinical trials, allergic reactions including itching, rash, and fever, happened in fewer than 2% of patients. Rare but more serious allergic reactions, such as toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme, have been reported with this class of antibiotics, including ceftazidime. Gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, were reported in fewer than 2% of patients.

Quazepam is indicated for the treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulty in falling asleep, frequent nocturnal awakenings, and/or early morning awakenings. Quazepam interact preferentially with the benzodiazepine-1 (BZ1) receptors. Most common adverse reactions (>1%): drowsiness, headache, fatigue, dizziness, dry mouth, dyspepsia. Downward of CAN depressant dose adjustment may be necessary due to additive effects.

Midazolam, previously marketed under the trade name Versed, is a medication used for anesthesia, procedural sedation, trouble sleeping, and severe agitation. Midazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine central nervous system (CNS) depressant. Pharmacodynamic properties of midazolam and its metabolites, which are similar to those of other benzodiazepines, include sedative, anxiolytic, amnesic and hypnotic activities. Benzodiazepine pharmacologic effects appear to result from reversible interactions with the γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) benzodiazepine receptor in the CNS, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. The action of midazolam is readily reversed by the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, flumazenil. Data from published reports of studies in pediatric patients clearly demonstrate that oral midazolam provides safe and effective sedation and anxiolysis prior to surgical procedures that require anesthesia as well as before other procedures that require sedation but may not require anesthesia. The most commonly reported effective doses range from 0.25 to 1 mg/kg in children (6 months to <16 years). The single most commonly reported effective dose is 0.5 mg/kg. Time to onset of effect is most frequently reported as 10 to 20 minutes. The effects of midazolam on the CNS are dependent on the dose administered, the route of administration, and the presence or absence of other medications.