Ethyl Methoxycinnamate (EPMC , Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate) is a major constituent of Kaempferia galanga. with nematicidal, mosquito repellent, anti-neoplastic and anti-microbial activity. In preclinical studies Ethyl Methoxycinnamate shows marked larvicidal, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities as well as inhibitory activity on susceptible and multi-drug resistant (MDR) clinical M. tuberculosis strains isolated from tuberculosis patients as well. In an in vitro anti-inflammatory mechanistic study, Ethyl Methoxycinnamate was found to inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2.

Leonurine (LN) is a natural alkaloid extracted from Herba leonuri which is used in Chinese traditional medicine and possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Leonurine has potential as a therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis and might be a promising therapeutic compound to treat osteoclast-related diseases, such as osteoporosis. These effects are achieved through the inhibition of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. In addition, it was found that leonurine protects BBB integrity by regulating the HDAC4/NOX4/MMP-9 tight junction pathway and could therfeore represent a new class of potential drugs against the acute onset of ischemic stroke. In experiments on mice with adenomyosis leonurine attenuated generalized hyperalgesia, however, the mechanism responsible for alleviating pain was not readily apparent.

Dihydroquercetin (also known as taxifolin) is a flavonoid found in grapes, citrus fruits, onions, green tea, olive oil, and several herbs (such as milk thistle). Besides its antitumor, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities, it is a potent antioxidant, which may contribute to its cardiovascular and neuroprotective properties. The drug was tested in vitro against cancer cells and in vivo, in preclinical models of liver diseases and cardiovascular diseases. The possible mechanism of actions involves the induction of phase II detoxifying enzymes and the suppression of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases, apoptosis and disruption of cancer cell cycle progression.