Epichatechin is one of the 4 catechin diastereoisomers. It can be isolated from a number of species of Palmae, as well as Dryas octopetala and guarana seeds. Epicatechin has been widely studied as a potential therapeutic compound in a wide variety of conditions including cancers, diabetes, heart conditions, and neurological conditions. Epicatechin is available as a natural health supplement and marketed for bodybuilding and the treatment of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, immune support, low testosterone, high blood sugar, and improved memory.

Menatetrenone (INN), also known as MK4, is a vitamin K compound used as a hemostatic agent, and also as adjunctive therapy for the pain of osteoporosis. MK4 is marketed for the osteoporosis indication in Japan by Eisai Co., under the trade name Glakay. Has several mechanism of actions: (1) Acceleration of osteogenesis. In human osteoblast cultures, calcification was accelerated by administration of menatetrenone at a concentration of 2.25 × 10-6 mol/L alone or when it was coadministered with 1,25(OH)2D3. The osteocalcin content in the cell layers was increased by coadministration with 1,25(OH)2D3. 2. Inhibition of bone resorption. In organ cultures of mouse calvaria, at concentrations of 3 × 10-6 to 3 × 10-5 mol/L, menatetrenone inhibited bone resorption induced by IL-1α, PGE2, PTH and 1,25(OH)2D3. In mouse bone marrow cell cultures, at concentrations of 3 × 10-6 to 1 × 10-5 mol/L, menatetrenone inhibited the induction of osteoclast release by 1,25(OH)2D3. 3. Effect on serum level of osteocalcin. Menatetrenone was administered to patients with osteoporosis at a dose of 45 mg/day for 2 years. Menatetrenone increased the serum level of osteocalcin and decreased the serum level of Glu-osteocalcin.

Sodium gualenate (Azunol ST Tablets) is a water-soluble derivative of azulene, a natural product which is an antiinflammatory component of chamomile of the family of Asteraceae. Sodium gualenate was originally studied as an antiulcer agent, is primary indicated in conditions like Duodenal ulcer, Gastric ulcer, Gastritis, but it is also clinically used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of inflammation of the mouth and throat, for example, pharyngitis as well as other inflammatory diseases such as tonsillitis, stomatitis and conjunctivitis. Although the mechanism by which sodium azulene sulfonate inhibited the capsaicin-induced pharyngitis is not yet unraveled, antioxidative effect, but not inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenase pathway, might be involved.

Oleuropein is a phenylethanoid, a type of phenolic compound found in olive leaf together with other closely related compounds such as 10-hydroxyoleuropein, ligstroside, and 10-hydroxyligstroside. Oleuropein is traditionally removed from olives due to its bitterness. In preliminary laboratory research, oleuropein had activity as an agonist of the G-protein estrogen receptor. Oleuropein inhibited the enzymatic activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), suggesting that mTOR inhibition is at least one of the reasons for the reported anti-cancer properties of oleuropein.

Furterene is a diuretic of the aminopteridine series, with aldosterone antagonist activity. Furterene is able to antagonize aldosterone at the mineralocorticoid receptor in the kidneys. It thereby increases sodium excretion while inhibiting potassium excretion.

Amosulalol is a beta- and alpha-1 adrenoceptor-blocking agent developed for the treatment of hypertension. Amosulalol does not cross blood brain barrier and does not have adverse affect on CNS system.The drug is marketed under the name Lowgan in Japan and Korea.