Magnesium oxalate is an inorganic compound comprising a magnesium cation with a 2+ charge bonded to an oxalate anion. Magnesium oxalate is a strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. Magnesium oxalate agar was found to select against virulent types of Yersinia enterocolitica.

Djenkolic acid (or sometimes jengkolic acid) is a sulfur-containing toxin and non-protein amino acid naturally found in Djenkol beans of the South-East Asian legumes jengkol (Archidendron jiringa). Djenkolic acid is toxic to humans, often causing kidney failure. The toxicity of djenkolic acid in humans arises from its poor solubility under acidic conditions after consumption of the Djenkol bean. The amino acid precipitates into crystals which cause mechanical irritation of the renal tubules and urinary tract, resulting in symptoms such as abdominal discomfort, loin pains, severe colic, nausea, vomiting, dysuria, gross hematuria, and oliguria, occurring 2 to 6 hours after the beans were ingested. Treatment for this toxicity requires hydration to increase urine flow and alkalinization of urine by sodium bicarbonate. Furthermore, this poisoning can be prevented when consuming Djenkol beans by boiling them beforehand, since djenkolic acid is removed from the beans.

Monocrotaline is an 11-membered macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloid derived from the seeds of the Crotalaria spectabilis plant. Monocrotaline is activated to the reactive pyrrole metabolite dehydromonocrotaline in the liver, a reaction that is highly dependent on cytochrome P-450 (CYP3A4). Monocrotaline induces a syndrome characterized, among other manifestations, by pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary mononuclear vasculitis (acute necrotizing pulmonary arteritis in about one-third of the animals), and right ventricular hypertrophy. Monocrotaline is widely used to model pulmonary arterial hypertension in rodents. Monocrotaline aggregates on and activates the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) of pulmonary artery endothelial cells to trigger endothelial damage and, ultimately, induces pulmonary hypertension.

Dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP) is an agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. DMPP regulates smooth muscle contractility. In addition, it exerts anti-inflammatory properties.

Tetrapotassium Etidronate is the diphosphonic acid derivative. It is used in cosmetics as chelating agent.

There are no information about AMMONIUM COBALTOUS PHOSPHATE, except is mentioned, that it was toxic.

Dehydroabietic acid (DHA or DAA), a diterpene, is obtained from Commiphora oppbalsamum. DHA has potential as treatment for obesity and metabolic syndrome, obese diabetic KK-Ay mice treated with DHA showed decreased plasma glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels. It has been reported that DHA inhibits the production of proinfammatory mediators such as TNF-α in macrophages and adipocytes and causes endothelium-dependent relaxation of pulmonary artery via PI3K/Akt-eNOS signaling pathway. Also was shown, that DHA could reverse several cell responses stimulated by TNF-α, including the activation of FOXO1 and the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway. Thus, DAA could be useful in improving the diabetic wound healing.

p-Toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4SO3H. An aromatic sulfonic acid, often used as a strong acid catalyst. p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate has been used as a reducing agent for the reductive amination of ketones and aldehydes. In the presence of p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate novel deazaflavin-cholestane hybrid compounds have been synthesized in a condensation reaction. 2-Phenylethyl alpha-glucoside has also been synthesized in the presence of p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate. p-toluenesulfonic acid esters, are a common class of reagents used in the pharmaceutical industry as alkylating agents, catalysts, and in purification steps of the chemical synthesis of a drug substance.

Thiazolyl Blue is a membrane-permeable yellow dye that is reduced by mitochondrial reductases in living cells to form the dark blue product. The net positive charge on Thiazolyl Blue appears to be the predominant factor involved in their cellular uptake via the plasma membrane potential. Thiazolyl Blue is used as a direct indicator of cytotoxicity (such as for screening cancer drugs), proliferation and apoptosis. Thiazolyl Blue is also an electron acceptor used for studying NADP-dependent dehydrogenases. Thiazolyl Blue reduction is associated not only with mitochondria, but also with the cytoplasm and with nonmitochondrial membranes including the endosome/lysosome compartment and the plasma membrane. Biological Applications: cell viability assay; microbial growth assays; DNA quantification assays; tissue viability assays; detecting enzymes; measuring membrane potential; treating Alzheimer’s disease, asthma, cancer. Because Thiazolyl Blue forms an insoluble formazan it has usually been applied in endpoint assays.

4-Chloroaniline (4-ClA) is a chlorinated aromatic amine that is formed as an intermediate during the microbial decomposition of phenylurea and phenylcarbamate. The formation of various oligomers by polymerization of 4-ClA with guaiacol in an aqueous solution containing oxidoreductases has been reported. 4-Chloroaniline is used as an intermediate in the production of a number of products, including agricultural chemicals, azo dyes and pigments, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. Reactive metabolites of 4-Chloroaniline bind covalently to haemoglobin and to proteins of liver and kidney. In humans, haemoglobin adducts are detectable as early as 30 min after accidental exposure, with a maximum level at 3 h. Repeated exposure to 4-Chloroaniline leads to cyanosis and methaemoglobinaemia, followed by effects in blood, liver, spleen, and kidneys, manifested as changes in haematological parameters, splenomegaly, and moderate to heavy haemosiderosis in spleen, liver, and kidney, partially accompanied by extramedullary haematopoiesis. The marketing and use of products containing 4-Chloroaniline based azo dyes were banned by the European Union (EU) (EC, 2000).