N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), a sulfhydryl reagent, functions as an oxidizing agent in biological and non-biological systems. It behaves as an oxidizing agent with an interacting site in the region QH2-cytochrome A of the respiratory chain. In addition was identified, that NEM can be a potential antidote against As2 O3 -mediated DNA damage in a glutathione-dependent manner.

Hexanamide is an amide of caproic acid. The compound is carcinogenic when administered to mice chronically.

Aristolochic acid (AA-I), a naturally occurring nitrophenanthrene carboxylic acid, commonly found in the plant family Aristolochiaceae, that are used in traditional Chinese medicine. Aristolochic acid exhibits nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic activities and can cause aristolochic acid nephropathy, and urothelial malignancies. The FDA has issued a strong warning to consumers to avoid herbs containing the chemical aristolochic acid. The mechanisms underlying AA-I toxicity in the kidneys are poorly understood. However, was found a protein α-actinin-4 that is inhibited by AA-I, resulting in kidney disease.

4-Amino-2-nitrophenol is a brownish yellow compound used as an industrial dye intermediate and as a constituent of "semi-permanent" hair dyes under a trade name Rodol 42. 4-Amino-2-nitrophenol is formulated without an oxidizing agent. It is used in concentrations estimated at 0.1-1.0% in the "semi-permanent" hair dyes, which are applied as shampoos and remain on the hair for 20-40 minutes before they are rinsed out. Several toxicological studies suggested potential carcinogenicity and mutagenicity concerns for 4-Amino-2-nitrophenol.

4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone or nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) is a tobacco-specific nitrosamine. NNK is considered to be a carcinogen. NNK induces deleterious mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppression genes by forming DNA adducts, which could be considered as tumor initiation. Meanwhile, the binding of NNK to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor promotes tumor growth by enhancing and deregulating cell proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion, thereby creating a microenvironment for tumor growth.

2,6-Dinitrotoluene is an organic compound, a by-product of TNT production. 2,6-Dinitrotoluene is a potent hepatocarcinogen, mainly due to products of its reductive metabolism.

Isohexestro is a synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen of the stilbestrol group related to diethylstilbestrol, that shown to be inhibitors of microtubule assembly in vitro.

Benzanthrone (BA) is an important dye used in the manufacturing of several polycyclic vats and disperse dyes in textile industries. In several clinical studies, it has been shown that workers exposed to BA developed itching, burning sensation, erythema and hyperpigmentation of the skin, which could be an outcome of the dysregulated immune response. Chronically exposed workers complained loss of appetite, intolerance to fatty food, fatigue, weight loss, weakness and decrease in sexual activity. Recently was discovered, that benzanthrone binds to a critical component in the regulation of the BA-induced inflammation, Toll-like receptor 4, TLR4.

Benzoylecgonine can be found in medical products as a topical muscle relaxer, anesthetic or to relieve muscle pain. It is also a metabolite that is created in the liver after drug use, in particular, the use of cocaine, making it the main compound tested for cocaine use during drug screenings. The legality of this compound is in the grey area. Cocaine is a schedule II drug, but the metabolite is not the drug, it’s a by-product of its use. So detection of actual use is impossible, as its already a metabolite. But the use of cocaine and cocaine based drugs like crack is detected, through this compound. Benzoylecgonine is formed in the liver by the metabolism of cocaine, catalysed by carboxylesterases, and subsequently excreted in the urine. It can be found in the urine for considerably longer than the cocaine itself which is generally cleared out within 5 days

Bis-acrylamide is the most frequently used cross-linking agent for protein separation applications in polyacrylamide gels. Bis-acrylamide 2% solution is a standard solution used in most electrophoresis applications. Bis-acrylamide is a cross linking agent that polymerizes with acrylamide and creates cross links within the polyacrylamide gel. It is capable of creating a network rather than linear chains which helps in maintaining the firmness of gel.