Verticinone is a major alkaloid isolated from the bulbus of Fritillaria ussuriensis. Verticinone was rapidly absorbed, widely distributed in most tissues, and metabolized extensively before excretion. Verticinone has antitumor effects - treatment with verticinone can induce cancer cell apoptosis and autophagy via modulating the production of metabolites, which are supportive of carcinoma cell proliferation. Due to the potent antitussive activity and no addictive effect, verticinone seems to be a promising potential antitussive drug. Verticinone is expected to become a potentially novel sedative-analgesic agent without producing tolerance and dependence.

Dehydroandrographolide (DP) from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Nees is a potential anticancer agent which can act, in part, through the inhibition of TMEM16A expression and may support TMEM16A as a novel target for antitumor therapy in TMEM16A-amplified cancers. It was shown that DP inhibits the invasion of human oral cancer cells and is a potential chemopreventive agent against oral cancer metastasis. It is also used for the treatment of infections in China. However, DP has not been found to significantly inhibit bacterial and viral growth directly. It was discovered that the DP enhanced innate immunity of intestinal tract through increased expression of human β -defensin-2 (hBD-2) through the p38 MAPK pathways. Dehydroandrographolide also possesses activity against hepatitis B virus

Gramine (aka donaxine) is a naturally occurring indole alkaloid that can be found in several plant species. It is toxic to many organisms and may be a natural defense mechanism for these plants. Gramine has been found to act as an agonist of the adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) which plays an important role in the suppression of metabolic disorders that can result in type 2 diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis.

S-Allylcysteine (SAC), the most abundant organosulfur compound in aged garlic extract, has multifunctional activity via different mechanisms and neuroprotective effects that are exerted probably via its antioxidant or free radical scavenger action. Anticancer effects of SAC were reported in prostate cancer, breast cancer, oral cavity cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, neuroblastoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma through the restoration of E-cadherin, the reduction of Slug and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) protein expression, and stimulating apoptotic pathways. In addition, recently was revealed, that SAC might have imperative implications for the deterrence and early treatment of type 2 diabetes by reducing the influx of glucose in the polyol pathway, thereby elevating the GSH level and reducing the activities of aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH).

Tolonium chloride (INN, also known as toluidine blue or TBO) is a phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery. Toluidine blue has high affinity for acidic tissue components, thereby staining tissues rich in DNA and RNA. It has found wide applications both as vital staining in living tissues and as a special stain owing to its metachromatic property. Toluidine blue has been used in vivo to identify dysplasia and carcinoma of the oral cavity.

Tricetin is a dietary flavonoid found in cereals and cereal products, ginkgo nuts, pulses, and tea. It has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects in a number of in vitro model.

Calcium-D-glucarate (also known as CALCIUM SACCHARATE) is the calcium salt of D-glucaric acid, a substance produced naturally in small amounts by mammals, including humans. Oral supplementation of calcium-D-glucarate has been shown to inhibit beta-glucuronidase, an enzyme produced by colonic microflora and involved in Phase II liver detoxification. Elevated beta-glucuronidase activity is associated with an increased risk for various cancers, particularly hormone-dependent cancers such as breast, prostate, and colon cancers. Other potential clinical applications of oral calcium-D-glucarate include regulation of estrogen metabolism and as a lipid-lowering. In addition, by reducing the beta-glucuronidase viability and activity of intestinal bacteria, salts of D-glucaric acid have been shown to enhance enterohepatic circulation and reduce steady state levels of cholesterol synthesis, resulting in decreased serum lipid levels.

Dehydroandrographolide (DP) from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Nees is a potential anticancer agent which can act, in part, through the inhibition of TMEM16A expression and may support TMEM16A as a novel target for antitumor therapy in TMEM16A-amplified cancers. It was shown that DP inhibits the invasion of human oral cancer cells and is a potential chemopreventive agent against oral cancer metastasis. It is also used for the treatment of infections in China. However, DP has not been found to significantly inhibit bacterial and viral growth directly. It was discovered that the DP enhanced innate immunity of intestinal tract through increased expression of human β -defensin-2 (hBD-2) through the p38 MAPK pathways. Dehydroandrographolide also possesses activity against hepatitis B virus

Dehydroandrographolide (DP) from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Nees is a potential anticancer agent which can act, in part, through the inhibition of TMEM16A expression and may support TMEM16A as a novel target for antitumor therapy in TMEM16A-amplified cancers. It was shown that DP inhibits the invasion of human oral cancer cells and is a potential chemopreventive agent against oral cancer metastasis. It is also used for the treatment of infections in China. However, DP has not been found to significantly inhibit bacterial and viral growth directly. It was discovered that the DP enhanced innate immunity of intestinal tract through increased expression of human β -defensin-2 (hBD-2) through the p38 MAPK pathways. Dehydroandrographolide also possesses activity against hepatitis B virus

Gramine (aka donaxine) is a naturally occurring indole alkaloid that can be found in several plant species. It is toxic to many organisms and may be a natural defense mechanism for these plants. Gramine has been found to act as an agonist of the adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) which plays an important role in the suppression of metabolic disorders that can result in type 2 diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis.