Buprenorphine is an opioid analgesic, used to treat opioid addiction, moderate acute pain, and moderate chronic pain. Buprenorphine is a partial agonist at the mµ-opioid receptor and an antagonist at the kappa-opioid receptor. One unusual property of buprenorphine observed in vitro studies is its very slow rate of dissociation from its receptor. This could account for its longer duration of action than morphine, the unpredictability of its reversal by opioid antagonists, and its low level of manifest physical dependence. The principal action of the therapeutic value of buprenorphine is analgesia and is thought to be due to buprenorphine binding with high affinity to opioid receptors on neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Buprenorphine produces respiratory depression by direct action on brain stem respiratory centers. The respiratory depression involves a reduction in the responsiveness of the brain stem respiratory centers to both increases in carbon dioxide tension and electrical stimulation. Buprenorphine causes a reduction in motility associated with an increase in smooth muscle tone in the antrum of the stomach and duodenum. Digestion of food in the small intestine is delayed and propulsive contractions are decreased. Buprenorphine produces peripheral vasodilation, which may result in orthostatic hypotension or syncope. Manifestations of histamine release and/or peripheral vasodilation may include pruritus, flushing, red eyes, sweating, and/or orthostatic hypotension.

NMED-160 (also known as MK-6721, NP-118809, Z-160) is a potent N-type calcium channel blockers, which has good selectivity over L-type calcium channels. Neuromed Pharmaceuticals developed this compound for the treatment of the chronic pain. However, that study was discontinued in 2007 in spite of absence of adverse events, but because drug did not demonstrate the ideal, pharmaceutical characteristics considered necessary to advance the compound further in development. Then Zalicus, Inc. was developing that drug for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain associated with lumbosacral radiculopathy and post-herpetic neuralgia and drug was in the phase II clinical trial. Nevertheless, based on the result from trials, where Z160 did not meet the primary endpoint, Zalicus was also discontinuing the Z160 program.

PD-198306 is a cell-permeable, amino-benzamide derivative that acts as a potent and non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of MEK1/2 with an excellent selectivity over ERK, c-Src, Cdk's, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase γ. In vitro PD-198306 inhibits MEK activity in synovial fibroblasts at concentrations of 30–100 nM, depending on the species. PD 198306 has a bioavailability of 62% when taken orally and is active in several animal models of rheumatoid arthritis, including rat streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis and rat adjuvant arthritis. PD 198306 can partially decrease the development of some of the structural changes in experimental osteoarthritis model. PD 198306 dose-dependently blocked static allodynia in both the streptozocin and the chronic constriction injury (CCI) models of neuropathic pain. The antihyperalgesic effects of PD 198306, in both the streptozocin and CCI models of neuropathic pain, correlated with a reduction in the elevated levels of active ERK1 and 2 in a lumbar spinal cord.

CP-96,345 is a potent, selective nonpeptide Substance P (NK1) receptor antagonist. Rather than being a primary neurotransmitter, it prolongs the nociception produced by other neurotransmitters. By controlling endothelial permeability, SP plays a major role in inflammation and inflammatory aspects of asthma, possibly by regulating the access of neutrophils to an inflammatory site. These results indicate potential therapeutic applications for SP antagonists in the treatment of chronic pain, inflammation, and inflammatory aspects of asthma.

Palmidrol (palmitoylethanolamide, PEA) is a natural fatty acid amide found in a variety of foods, which was initially identified in egg yolk. It is an endogenous compound, locally synthesized in animal and human tissues and body fluids, to protect against perturbing inflammation. In addition to its anti-inflammatory activity, palmidrol (palmitoylethanolamide, PEA) also produces analgesia, neuroprotection, and possesses anti-epileptic properties. It also reduces gastrointestinal motility and cancer cell proliferation, as well as protecting the vascular endothelium in the ischemic heart. The physiological stimuli that regulate palmidrol (palmitoylethanolamide, PEA) levels in mammalian tissues are largely unknown, however, multiple studies indicate that this lipid accumulates during cellular stress, particularly following tissue injury. Palmidrol (palmitoylethanolamide, PEA) is a potent and selective agonist of orphan receptor GPR55.

Buprenorphine is an opioid analgesic, used to treat opioid addiction, moderate acute pain, and moderate chronic pain. Buprenorphine is a partial agonist at the mµ-opioid receptor and an antagonist at the kappa-opioid receptor. One unusual property of buprenorphine observed in vitro studies is its very slow rate of dissociation from its receptor. This could account for its longer duration of action than morphine, the unpredictability of its reversal by opioid antagonists, and its low level of manifest physical dependence. The principal action of the therapeutic value of buprenorphine is analgesia and is thought to be due to buprenorphine binding with high affinity to opioid receptors on neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Buprenorphine produces respiratory depression by direct action on brain stem respiratory centers. The respiratory depression involves a reduction in the responsiveness of the brain stem respiratory centers to both increases in carbon dioxide tension and electrical stimulation. Buprenorphine causes a reduction in motility associated with an increase in smooth muscle tone in the antrum of the stomach and duodenum. Digestion of food in the small intestine is delayed and propulsive contractions are decreased. Buprenorphine produces peripheral vasodilation, which may result in orthostatic hypotension or syncope. Manifestations of histamine release and/or peripheral vasodilation may include pruritus, flushing, red eyes, sweating, and/or orthostatic hypotension.

Buprenorphine is an opioid analgesic, used to treat opioid addiction, moderate acute pain, and moderate chronic pain. Buprenorphine is a partial agonist at the mµ-opioid receptor and an antagonist at the kappa-opioid receptor. One unusual property of buprenorphine observed in vitro studies is its very slow rate of dissociation from its receptor. This could account for its longer duration of action than morphine, the unpredictability of its reversal by opioid antagonists, and its low level of manifest physical dependence. The principal action of the therapeutic value of buprenorphine is analgesia and is thought to be due to buprenorphine binding with high affinity to opioid receptors on neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Buprenorphine produces respiratory depression by direct action on brain stem respiratory centers. The respiratory depression involves a reduction in the responsiveness of the brain stem respiratory centers to both increases in carbon dioxide tension and electrical stimulation. Buprenorphine causes a reduction in motility associated with an increase in smooth muscle tone in the antrum of the stomach and duodenum. Digestion of food in the small intestine is delayed and propulsive contractions are decreased. Buprenorphine produces peripheral vasodilation, which may result in orthostatic hypotension or syncope. Manifestations of histamine release and/or peripheral vasodilation may include pruritus, flushing, red eyes, sweating, and/or orthostatic hypotension.

Buprenorphine is an opioid analgesic, used to treat opioid addiction, moderate acute pain, and moderate chronic pain. Buprenorphine is a partial agonist at the mµ-opioid receptor and an antagonist at the kappa-opioid receptor. One unusual property of buprenorphine observed in vitro studies is its very slow rate of dissociation from its receptor. This could account for its longer duration of action than morphine, the unpredictability of its reversal by opioid antagonists, and its low level of manifest physical dependence. The principal action of the therapeutic value of buprenorphine is analgesia and is thought to be due to buprenorphine binding with high affinity to opioid receptors on neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Buprenorphine produces respiratory depression by direct action on brain stem respiratory centers. The respiratory depression involves a reduction in the responsiveness of the brain stem respiratory centers to both increases in carbon dioxide tension and electrical stimulation. Buprenorphine causes a reduction in motility associated with an increase in smooth muscle tone in the antrum of the stomach and duodenum. Digestion of food in the small intestine is delayed and propulsive contractions are decreased. Buprenorphine produces peripheral vasodilation, which may result in orthostatic hypotension or syncope. Manifestations of histamine release and/or peripheral vasodilation may include pruritus, flushing, red eyes, sweating, and/or orthostatic hypotension.

NMED-160 (also known as MK-6721, NP-118809, Z-160) is a potent N-type calcium channel blockers, which has good selectivity over L-type calcium channels. Neuromed Pharmaceuticals developed this compound for the treatment of the chronic pain. However, that study was discontinued in 2007 in spite of absence of adverse events, but because drug did not demonstrate the ideal, pharmaceutical characteristics considered necessary to advance the compound further in development. Then Zalicus, Inc. was developing that drug for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain associated with lumbosacral radiculopathy and post-herpetic neuralgia and drug was in the phase II clinical trial. Nevertheless, based on the result from trials, where Z160 did not meet the primary endpoint, Zalicus was also discontinuing the Z160 program.