Details
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Molecular Formula | C19H24N4O2.CH4O3S |
Molecular Weight | 436.525 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
CS(O)(=O)=O.NC(=N)C1=CC=C(OCCCCCOC2=CC=C(C=C2)C(N)=N)C=C1
InChI
InChIKey=LCNPURURRXMYET-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C19H24N4O2.CH4O3S/c20-18(21)14-4-8-16(9-5-14)24-12-2-1-3-13-25-17-10-6-15(7-11-17)19(22)23;1-5(2,3)4/h4-11H,1-3,12-13H2,(H3,20,21)(H3,22,23);1H3,(H,2,3,4)
Molecular Formula | CH4O3S |
Molecular Weight | 96.106 |
Charge | 0 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Molecular Formula | C19H24N4O2 |
Molecular Weight | 340.4195 |
Charge | 0 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
DescriptionCurator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including:
http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00738
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamidine
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including:
http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00738
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamidine
Pentamidine (formulated as a salt, pentamidine diisethionate or dimesilate) is an antimicrobial medication given for prevention and treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii), a severe interstitial type of pneumonia often seen in patients with HIV infection. The drug is also the mainstay of treatment for stage I infection with Trypanosoma bruceigambiense (West African trypanosomiasis). Pentamidine is also used as a prophylactic against PCP in patients receiving chemotherapy and in some patients who have undergone organ transplantation, as they also have a depressed immune system as a direct side-effect of the drugs used. The mortality of untreated PCP is very high. Additionally, pentamidine has good clinical activity in treating leishmaniasis, and yeast infections caused by the organism Candida albicans. Pentamidine is also used as a prophylactic antibiotic for children undergoing treatment for leukemia. Studies suggest that the pentamidine isethionate interferes with microbial nuclear metabolism by inhibition of DNA, RNA, phospholipid and protein synthesis. However, the mode of action is not fully understood.
CNS Activity
Sources: http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/329/3/967.long
Curator's Comment: Pentamidine is able to cross the BBB, but a proportion is retained within the capillary endothelium. This may well explain its inability to treat well established CNS trypanosome infection. Furthermore, pentamidine movement into the CNS is a complex process involving multiple transporters.
Originator
Sources: https://www.google.ch/patents/EP0315467A2?cl=en
Curator's Comment: Pentamidine was first discovered by Ewins et al., as shown in U.S. Patent No. 2,277,861
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
---|---|---|---|
Target ID: O14717 Gene ID: 1787.0 Gene Symbol: TRDMT1 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2275129/ |
204.4 µM [EC50] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL2366046 |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
---|---|---|---|---|
Preventing | NEBUPENT Approved UsePentamidine Launch Date4.82112012E11 |
Cmax
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
751 nM EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8056699 |
3.9 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intravenous dose: 3.9 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: |
PENTAMIDINE blood | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
18.8 ng/mL |
4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, irrigation dose: 4 mg/kg route of administration: Irrigation experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: |
PENTAMIDINE unknown | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
|
612 ng/mL |
4 mg/kg single, intravenous dose: 4 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
PENTAMIDINE unknown | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
6734 nM × h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8056699 |
3.9 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intravenous dose: 3.9 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: |
PENTAMIDINE blood | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
T1/2
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
6.4 h |
4 mg/kg single, intravenous dose: 4 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
PENTAMIDINE unknown | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
Doses
Dose | Population | Adverse events |
---|---|---|
1600 mg single, intravenous Overdose Dose: 1600 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 1600 mg Sources: |
unhealthy, 17 n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Age Group: 17 Population Size: 1 Sources: |
Other AEs: Impaired renal function, Hepatic impairment... Other AEs: Impaired renal function Sources: Hepatic impairment Hypotension Cardiopulmonary arrest |
600 mg 1 times / month multiple, respiratory Highest studied dose Dose: 600 mg, 1 times / month Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 600 mg, 1 times / month Sources: Page: p.1167 |
unhealthy, 37.9 ± 7.5 n = 76 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Age Group: 37.9 ± 7.5 Sex: M+F Population Size: 76 Sources: Page: p.1167 |
|
300 mg 1 times / month multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / month Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / month Sources: Page: p.6 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: Page: p.6 |
Disc. AE: Acute pancreatitis... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Acute pancreatitis Sources: Page: p.6 |
4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intramuscular Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: |
Disc. AE: Hypotension, Hypoglycemia... Other AEs: Extravasation, Injection site ulceration... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Hypotension (grade 3-5) Other AEs:Hypoglycemia (grade 5) Acute pancreatitis (grade 5) Cardiac arrhythmias (grade 5) Cardiac arrhythmias (grade 5) Extravasation Sources: Injection site ulceration Injection site necrosis Slough injection site |
4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: |
Disc. AE: Hypotension, Hypoglycemia... Other AEs: Extravasation, Injection site ulceration... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Hypotension (grade 3-5) Other AEs:Hypoglycemia (grade 5) Acute pancreatitis (grade 5) Cardiac arrhythmias (grade 5) Cardiac arrhythmias (grade 5) Extravasation Sources: Injection site ulceration Injection site necrosis Slough injection site |
AEs
AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
---|---|---|---|
Cardiopulmonary arrest | 1600 mg single, intravenous Overdose Dose: 1600 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 1600 mg Sources: |
unhealthy, 17 n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Age Group: 17 Population Size: 1 Sources: |
|
Hepatic impairment | 1600 mg single, intravenous Overdose Dose: 1600 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 1600 mg Sources: |
unhealthy, 17 n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Age Group: 17 Population Size: 1 Sources: |
|
Hypotension | 1600 mg single, intravenous Overdose Dose: 1600 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 1600 mg Sources: |
unhealthy, 17 n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Age Group: 17 Population Size: 1 Sources: |
|
Impaired renal function | 1600 mg single, intravenous Overdose Dose: 1600 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 1600 mg Sources: |
unhealthy, 17 n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Age Group: 17 Population Size: 1 Sources: |
|
Acute pancreatitis | Disc. AE | 300 mg 1 times / month multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / month Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / month Sources: Page: p.6 |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: Page: p.6 |
Extravasation | 4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intramuscular Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: |
|
Injection site necrosis | 4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intramuscular Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: |
|
Injection site ulceration | 4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intramuscular Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: |
|
Slough injection site | 4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intramuscular Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: |
|
Hypotension | grade 3-5 Disc. AE |
4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intramuscular Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: |
Acute pancreatitis | grade 5 Disc. AE |
4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intramuscular Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: |
Cardiac arrhythmias | grade 5 Disc. AE |
4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intramuscular Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: |
Cardiac arrhythmias | grade 5 Disc. AE |
4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intramuscular Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: |
Hypoglycemia | grade 5 Disc. AE |
4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intramuscular Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: |
Extravasation | 4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: |
|
Injection site necrosis | 4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: |
|
Injection site ulceration | 4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: |
|
Slough injection site | 4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: |
|
Hypotension | grade 3-5 Disc. AE |
4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: |
Acute pancreatitis | grade 5 Disc. AE |
4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: |
Cardiac arrhythmias | grade 5 Disc. AE |
4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: |
Cardiac arrhythmias | grade 5 Disc. AE |
4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: |
Hypoglycemia | grade 5 Disc. AE |
4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii Sources: |
Overview
CYP3A4 | CYP2C9 | CYP2D6 | hERG |
---|---|---|---|
OverviewOther
Other Inhibitor | Other Substrate | Other Inducer |
---|---|---|
Drug as perpetrator
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
yes [IC50 0.097 uM] | ||||
yes |
Drug as victim
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
yes | ||||
yes | ||||
yes |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
---|---|---|
[Nephrotoxic effect of pentamidine in the treatment of interstitial pneumonia in 2 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia]. | 1979 Dec |
|
Pentamidine treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Association with acute renal failure and myoglobinuria. | 1985 Dec |
|
Hypoglycemic coma from pentamadine in an AIDS patient. | 1986 Jul |
|
Pentamidine and hematuria. | 1986 Jul |
|
Adverse reactions associated with pentamidine isethionate in AIDS patients: recommendations for monitoring therapy. | 1986 Nov |
|
Torsade de pointes during administration of pentamidine isethionate. | 1987 Sep |
|
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with pentamidine for treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A prospective, noncrossover study. | 1988 Aug 15 |
|
Risk factors for hypoglycemia associated with pentamidine therapy for Pneumocystis pneumonia. | 1988 Jul 15 |
|
Acute renal failure after nebulised pentamidine. | 1989 Jun 3 |
|
Analogues of 1,5-bis(4-amidinophenoxy)pentane (pentamidine) in the treatment of experimental Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | 1990 Apr |
|
[Transitory acute kidney insufficiency and insulin-dependent after treatment of kala-azar with pentamidine and N-methylglucamine antimony]. | 1991 May |
|
Anti-cryptosporidial drug activity screened with an immunosuppressed rat model. | 1991 Nov-Dec |
|
Inhibition of topoisomerases from Pneumocystis carinii by aromatic dicationic molecules. | 1991 Nov-Dec |
|
[Infantile visceral leishmaniasis in Morocco. A review of 67 cases managed at the Rabat Hospital for children (1979-1988)]. | 1991 Sep |
|
Cardiac arrest during treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with intravenous pentamidine isethionate. | 1992 |
|
High pentamidine levels associated with hypoglycemia and azotemia in a patient with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | 1992 Aug |
|
Higher pentamidine levels in AIDS patients with hypoglycemia and azotemia during treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | 1992 Sep |
|
[Human African trypanosomiasis from Trypanosoma brucei gambiense with inoculation chancre in a French expatriate]. | 2001 |
|
Pentamidine isethionate as treatment and secondary prophylaxis for disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis during HIV infection: case report. | 2001 Dec |
|
Application of higher throughput screening (HTS) inhibition assays to evaluate the interaction of antiparasitic drugs with cytochrome P450s. | 2001 Jan |
|
Anti-human immunodeficiency virus drugs are ineffective against Pneumocystis carinii in vitro and in vivo. | 2001 Nov 15 |
|
A toxicogenomic approach to drug-induced phospholipidosis: analysis of its induction mechanism and establishment of a novel in vitro screening system. | 2005 Feb |
|
Pentamidine-induced long QT syndrome and block of hERG trafficking. | 2005 Jan |
|
Protein trafficking abnormalities: a new mechanism in drug-induced long QT syndrome. | 2005 May |
|
[Cutaneous leishmaniasis--an import from Belize]. | 2007 |
|
Perioral numbness associated with intravenous pentamidine administration. | 2007 Jan |
|
Pentamidine dosage: a base/salt confusion. | 2008 May 28 |
|
Effects of acute intravenous administration of pentamidine, a typical hERG-trafficking inhibitor, on the cardiac repolarization process of halothane-anesthetized dogs. | 2009 Aug |
|
Profiling of a prescription drug library for potential renal drug-drug interactions mediated by the organic cation transporter 2. | 2011 Jul 14 |
|
Refining the human iPSC-cardiomyocyte arrhythmic risk assessment model. | 2013 Dec |
|
Utilization of human nuclear receptors as an early counter screen for off-target activity: a case study with a compendium of 615 known drugs. | 2015 Jun |
|
Systems pharmacological analysis of drugs inducing stevens-johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. | 2015 May 18 |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
In Vivo Use Guide
Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=e2ad9d3c-b6c3-4f70-87e0-722a8ff94ccb
Curator's Comment: 300 mg once every four weeks administered via the Respirgard
The recommended adult dosage is 300 mg once every four weeks administered via the Respirgard® II nebulizer. The dose should be delivered until the nebulizer chamber is empty (approximately 30 to 45 minutes). The flow rate should be 5 to 7 liters per minute from a 40 to 50 pounds per square inch (PSI) air or oxygen source. Alternatively, a 40 to 50 PSI air compressor can be used with flow limited by setting the flowmeter at 5 to 7 liters per minute or by setting the pressure at 22 to 25 PSI. Low pressure (less than 20 PSI) compressors should not be used.
Route of Administration:
Irrigation
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22005072
Pentamidine was found to be active against T. whipplei strains both in axenic medium and in cell culture, with minimum inhibitory concentration ranges of 0.125-0.25mg/L.
Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
by
admin
on
Edited
Sat Dec 16 05:54:41 UTC 2023
by
admin
on
Sat Dec 16 05:54:41 UTC 2023
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Record UNII |
HMB3ISP7OB
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Record Status |
Validated (UNII)
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Record Version |
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DTXSID20150132
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