Details
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Molecular Formula | C14H22N2O.ClH |
Molecular Weight | 270.798 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
Cl.CCN(CC)CC(=O)NC1=C(C)C=CC=C1C
InChI
InChIKey=IYBQHJMYDGVZRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C14H22N2O.ClH/c1-5-16(6-2)10-13(17)15-14-11(3)8-7-9-12(14)4;/h7-9H,5-6,10H2,1-4H3,(H,15,17);1H
Molecular Formula | ClH |
Molecular Weight | 36.461 |
Charge | 0 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Molecular Formula | C14H22N2O |
Molecular Weight | 234.3373 |
Charge | 0 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Lidocaine is a local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used to numb tissue in a specific area and for management of cardiac arrhythmias, particularly those of ventricular origins, such as occur with acute myocardial infarction. Lidocaine alters signal conduction in neurons by blocking the fast voltage-gated Na+ channels in the neuronal cell membrane responsible for signal propagation. With sufficient blockage, the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron will not depolarize and will thus fail to transmit an action potential. This creates the anesthetic effect by not merely preventing pain signals from propagating to the brain, but by stopping them before they begin. Careful titration allows for a high degree of selectivity in the blockage of sensory neurons, whereas higher concentrations also affect other modalities of neuron signaling. Lidocaine exerts an antiarrhythmic effect by increasing the electrical stimulation threshold of the ventricle during diastole. In usual therapeutic doses, lidocaine hydrochloride produces no change in myocardial contractility, in systemic arterial pressure, or an absolute refractory period. The efficacy profile of lidocaine as a local anesthetic is characterized by a rapid onset of action and intermediate duration of efficacy. Therefore, lidocaine is suitable for infiltration, block, and surface anesthesia. Longer-acting substances such as bupivacaine are sometimes given preference for spinal and epidural anesthesias; lidocaine, though, has the advantage of a rapid onset of action. Lidocaine is also the most important class-1b antiarrhythmic drug; it is used intravenously for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias (for acute myocardial infarction, digoxin poisoning, cardioversion, or cardiac catheterization) if amiodarone is not available or contraindicated. Lidocaine should be given for this indication after defibrillation, CPR, and vasopressors have been initiated. A routine preventative dose is no longer recommended after a myocardial infarction as the overall benefit is not convincing. Inhaled lidocaine can be used as a cough suppressor acting peripherally to reduce the cough reflex. This application can be implemented as a safety and comfort measure for patients who have to be intubated, as it reduces the incidence of coughing and any tracheal damage it might cause when emerging from anesthesia. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are rare when lidocaine is used as a local anesthetic and is administered correctly. Most ADRs associated with lidocaine for anesthesia relate to administration technique (resulting in systemic exposure) or pharmacological effects of anesthesia, and allergic reactions only rarely occur. Systemic exposure to excessive quantities of lidocaine mainly result in a central nervous system (CNS) and cardiovascular effects – CNS effects usually occur at lower blood plasma concentrations and additional cardiovascular effects present at higher concentrations, though cardiovascular collapse may also occur with low concentrations.
CNS Activity
Originator
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL2096682 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2579237 |
240.0 µM [IC50] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL5163 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24440379 |
10.5 µM [IC50] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL2072 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24440379 |
2.0 µM [IC50] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL4296 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24440379 |
29.0 µM [IC50] |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary | XYLOCAINE Approved UseINDICATIONS & USAGE Lidocaine Hydrochloride Oral Topical Solution USP, 2% (Viscous) is indicated for the production of topical anesthesia of irritated or inflamed mucous membranes of the mouth and pharynx. It is also useful for reducing gagging during the taking of X-ray pictures and dental impressions. Launch Date1951 |
|||
Primary | VIAFLEX Approved UseIndications and Usage Lidocaine hydrochloride administered intravenously is specifically indicated in the acute management of (1) ventricular arrhythmias occurring during cardiac manipulations, such as cardiac surgery and (2) life-threatening arrhythmias which are ventricular in origin, such as occur during acute myocardial infarction. Launch Date1984 |
Cmax
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
212 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12455305/ |
84 mg 1 times / day steady-state, topical dose: 84 mg route of administration: Topical experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: |
LIDOCAINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
231 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12455305/ |
84 mg 2 times / day steady-state, topical dose: 84 mg route of administration: Topical experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: |
LIDOCAINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
4100 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12455305/ |
84 mg 1 times / day steady-state, topical dose: 84 mg route of administration: Topical experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: |
LIDOCAINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
4704 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12455305/ |
84 mg 2 times / day steady-state, topical dose: 84 mg route of administration: Topical experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: |
LIDOCAINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
T1/2
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
6.81 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12455305/ |
84 mg 1 times / day steady-state, topical dose: 84 mg route of administration: Topical experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: |
LIDOCAINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
7.94 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12455305/ |
84 mg 2 times / day steady-state, topical dose: 84 mg route of administration: Topical experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered: |
LIDOCAINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
Doses
Dose | Population | Adverse events |
---|---|---|
2 mg 1 times / day steady, intravenous Dose: 2 mg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: steady Dose: 2 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 17 - 66 years n = 68 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: chronic daily headache and chronic cluster headache Age Group: 17 - 66 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 68 Sources: |
Other AEs: Nausea and vomiting, Hallucinations... Other AEs: Nausea and vomiting (1%) Sources: Hallucinations (8 patients) Tachycardia (4 patients) Tremor (3 patients) Hypotension (2 patients) Light-headed (1 patient) Phlebitis (1 patient) Hypertension (1 patient) |
800 mg single, intravenous Overdose Dose: 800 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 800 mg Sources: |
unhealthy, 57 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: hypertensive, severe precordial pain Age Group: 57 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: |
Disc. AE: Death... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Death (grade 5, 1.6%) Sources: |
700 mg 1 times / day steady, transdermal Recommended Dose: 700 mg, 1 times / day Route: transdermal Route: steady Dose: 700 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult n = 404 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Neuropathic pain Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Population Size: 404 Sources: |
|
5 % 1 times / day steady, transdermal Dose: 5 %, 1 times / day Route: transdermal Route: steady Dose: 5 %, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult n = 300 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: post-herpetic neuralgia and diabetic polyneuropathy Age Group: adult Sex: M+F Population Size: 300 Sources: |
Disc. AE: Headache, Application site irritation... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Headache (2 patients) Sources: Application site irritation (2 patients) |
AEs
AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
---|---|---|---|
Hypertension | 1 patient | 2 mg 1 times / day steady, intravenous Dose: 2 mg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: steady Dose: 2 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 17 - 66 years n = 68 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: chronic daily headache and chronic cluster headache Age Group: 17 - 66 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 68 Sources: |
Light-headed | 1 patient | 2 mg 1 times / day steady, intravenous Dose: 2 mg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: steady Dose: 2 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 17 - 66 years n = 68 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: chronic daily headache and chronic cluster headache Age Group: 17 - 66 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 68 Sources: |
Phlebitis | 1 patient | 2 mg 1 times / day steady, intravenous Dose: 2 mg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: steady Dose: 2 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 17 - 66 years n = 68 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: chronic daily headache and chronic cluster headache Age Group: 17 - 66 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 68 Sources: |
Nausea and vomiting | 1% | 2 mg 1 times / day steady, intravenous Dose: 2 mg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: steady Dose: 2 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 17 - 66 years n = 68 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: chronic daily headache and chronic cluster headache Age Group: 17 - 66 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 68 Sources: |
Hypotension | 2 patients | 2 mg 1 times / day steady, intravenous Dose: 2 mg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: steady Dose: 2 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 17 - 66 years n = 68 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: chronic daily headache and chronic cluster headache Age Group: 17 - 66 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 68 Sources: |
Tremor | 3 patients | 2 mg 1 times / day steady, intravenous Dose: 2 mg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: steady Dose: 2 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 17 - 66 years n = 68 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: chronic daily headache and chronic cluster headache Age Group: 17 - 66 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 68 Sources: |
Tachycardia | 4 patients | 2 mg 1 times / day steady, intravenous Dose: 2 mg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: steady Dose: 2 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 17 - 66 years n = 68 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: chronic daily headache and chronic cluster headache Age Group: 17 - 66 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 68 Sources: |
Hallucinations | 8 patients | 2 mg 1 times / day steady, intravenous Dose: 2 mg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: steady Dose: 2 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 17 - 66 years n = 68 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: chronic daily headache and chronic cluster headache Age Group: 17 - 66 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 68 Sources: |
Death | grade 5, 1.6% Disc. AE |
800 mg single, intravenous Overdose Dose: 800 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 800 mg Sources: |
unhealthy, 57 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: hypertensive, severe precordial pain Age Group: 57 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: |
Application site irritation | 2 patients Disc. AE |
5 % 1 times / day steady, transdermal Dose: 5 %, 1 times / day Route: transdermal Route: steady Dose: 5 %, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult n = 300 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: post-herpetic neuralgia and diabetic polyneuropathy Age Group: adult Sex: M+F Population Size: 300 Sources: |
Headache | 2 patients Disc. AE |
5 % 1 times / day steady, transdermal Dose: 5 %, 1 times / day Route: transdermal Route: steady Dose: 5 %, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, adult n = 300 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: post-herpetic neuralgia and diabetic polyneuropathy Age Group: adult Sex: M+F Population Size: 300 Sources: |
Overview
CYP3A4 | CYP2C9 | CYP2D6 | hERG |
---|---|---|---|
OverviewOther
Other Inhibitor | Other Substrate | Other Inducer |
---|---|---|
Drug as perpetrator
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
Page: - |
yes [IC50 180 uM] | |||
Page: - |
yes | |||
Page: - |
yes |
Drug as victim
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
Page: - |
no | |||
Page: - |
yes | yes (co-administration study) Comment: CYP1A2 is the enzyme principally responsible for the metabolic disposition of lidocaine in subjects with normal liver function. Page: - |
||
Sources: https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/22479 Page: - |
yes | yes (co-administration study) Comment: Itraconazole and erythromycin had virtually no effect on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous lidocaine, but erythromycin slightly prolonged the elimination half-life (t½) of lidocaine (Study I). When lidocaine was taken orally, both erythromycin and itraconazole increased the peak concentration (Cmax) and the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of lidocaine by 40-70% (Study II). Sources: https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/22479 Page: - |
Tox targets
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sources: https://europepmc.org/article/med/29908112 Page: - |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
---|---|---|
Bretylium Tosylate; adverse effects in acute myocardial infarction. | 1975 Apr |
|
Etidocaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine seizure thresholds in monkeys. | 1975 Apr |
|
Lidocaine toxicity secondary to postoperative bladder instillation in a pediatric patient. | 1999 Jun |
|
An unusual presentation of metallic taste after lidocaine injections. | 1999 Nov |
|
Potentiation of narcosis after intravenous lidocaine in a patient given spinal opioids. | 1999 Sep |
|
Infiltrated lidocaine 2% with epinephrine 1:80,000 causes more postoperative pain than lidocaine 2% after oral soft tissue surgery. | 1999 Spring |
|
Lidocaine-induced conduction disturbance in patients with systemic hyperkalemia. | 2000 Dec |
|
Effects of anticonvulsants on local anaesthetic-induced neurotoxicity in rats. | 2000 Feb |
|
Changes in seizure susceptibility to local anesthetics by repeated administration of cocaine and nomifensine but not GBR12935: possible involvement of noradrenergic system. | 2000 Jul |
|
Ventricular arrhythmias with or without programmed electrical stimulation after incremental overdosage with lidocaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine. | 2000 Nov |
|
Lidocaine-sensitive atrial tachycardia: lidocaine-sensitive, rate-related, repetitive atrial tachycardia: a new arrhythmogenic syndrome. | 2000 Nov 1 |
|
Peripheral lidocaine but not ketamine inhibits capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia in humans. | 2000 Oct |
|
The incidence of transient neurological symptoms after spinal anaesthesia with lidocaine compared to prilocaine. | 2000 Oct |
|
The effect of systemic lidocaine on pain and secondary hyperalgesia associated with the heat/capsaicin sensitization model in healthy volunteers. | 2000 Oct |
|
A comparison of minidose lidocaine-fentanyl and conventional-dose lidocaine spinal anesthesia. | 2000 Oct |
|
Pharmacological management of pain and anxiety during emergency procedures in children. | 2001 |
|
Complications of regional anaesthesia Incidence and prevention. | 2001 |
|
Computerised advice on drug dosage to improve prescribing practice. | 2001 |
|
[Comment on the article "Use of EMLA cream and ropivacaine indacryocystorhinostomy with locoregional anesthesia and sedation"]. | 2001 Apr |
|
Comparison of topical and intravenous lignocaine with thiopentone for insertion of laryngeal mask airway. | 2001 Apr |
|
Giant R-waves in a patient with an acute inferior myocardial infarction. | 2001 Apr |
|
A dose-response study of adrenaline combined with lignocaine 2%: effect on acute postoperative pain after oral soft tissue surgery. | 2001 Apr |
|
Excision of a giant hydatid cyst of the lung under thoracic epidural anaesthesia. | 2001 Apr |
|
Effect of phloretin on the percutaneous absorption of lignocaine across human skin. | 2001 Apr |
|
A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, comparative study of topical skin analgesics and the anxiety and discomfort associated with venous cannulation. | 2001 Apr 28 |
|
The efficacy of topical anaesthesia in flexible nasendoscopy: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. | 2001 Feb |
|
Lidocaine and prilocaine toxicity in a patient receiving treatment for mollusca contagiosa. | 2001 Feb |
|
The role of nitrergic system in lidocaine-induced convulsion in the mouse. | 2001 Jan |
|
The effect of an intrauterine application of two percent lignocaine gel on pain perception during Vabra endometrial sampling: a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | 2001 Jan |
|
Influence of patient posture on oxygen saturation during fibre-optic bronchoscopy. | 2001 Jan |
|
Degeneracy and additional alloreactivity of drug-specific human alpha beta(+) T cell clones. | 2001 Jul |
|
Hot chili, a cook and EMLA. | 2001 Jul |
|
Evaluation of potentiating effect of a drop of lignocaine on tropicamide-induced mydriasis. | 2001 Jun |
|
Effects of local anesthetics on the contractility of rat bladders. | 2001 Jun |
|
Differences between nerve terminal impulses of polymodal nociceptors and cold sensory receptors of the guinea-pig cornea. | 2001 Jun 1 |
|
Split-skin grafting with lidocaine-prilocaine cream: A meta-analysis of efficacy and safety in geriatric versus nongeriatric patients. | 2001 Mar |
|
Intrathecal methylprednisolone for postherpetic neuralgia. | 2001 Mar 29 |
|
EMLA anaesthetic cream for sharp leg ulcer debridement: a review of the clinical evidence for analgesic efficacy and tolerability. | 2001 Mar-Apr |
|
Penile lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node identification. | 2001 May |
|
Patient-administered nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation provides safe and effective analgesia for percutaneous liver biopsy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. | 2001 May |
|
Emla versus ice as a topical anesthetic. | 2001 May |
|
Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. EMLA or amethocaine (tetracaine) for topical analgesia in children. | 2001 May |
|
The use of pre-cannulation local anaesthetic and factors affecting pain perception in the emergency department setting. | 2001 May |
|
The anesthetic onset and duration of a new lidocaine/prilocaine gel intra-pocket anesthetic (Oraqix) for periodontal scaling/root planing. | 2001 May |
|
Plasma levels of lidocaine and prilocaine after application of Oraqix, a new intrapocket anesthetic, in patients with advanced periodontitis. | 2001 May |
|
Inclusion of lignocaine base into a polar lipid formulation--in vitro release, duration of peripheral nerve block and arterial blood concentrations in the rat. | 2001 May |
|
The influence of two different dental local anaesthetic solutions on the haemodynamic responses of children undergoing restorative dentistry: a randomised, single-blind, split-mouth study. | 2001 May 12 |
|
Safety and pharmacokinetics of EMLA in the treatment of postburn pruritus in pediatric patients: a pilot study. | 2001 May-Jun |
|
Hydrodissection of conjunctival flap during trabeculectomy in eyes with conjunctival scarring caused by trachoma. | 2001 May-Jun |
|
Evaluation of pain management interventions for neonatal circumcision pain. | 2001 May-Jun |
Sample Use Guides
In Vivo Use Guide
Curator's Comment: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2004/08816s032lbl.pdf
Therapy of ventricular arrhythmias is often initiated with a single IV bolus of 1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg at a rate of 25 to 50 mg/min. of lidocaine hydrochloride injection. Following acute treatment by bolus in patients in whom arrhythmias tend to recur and who are incapable of receiving oral antiarrhythmic agents, intravenous infusion of Lidocaine Hydrochloride and 5% Dextrose Injection, USP is administered continuously at the rate of 1 to 4 mg/min (0.020 to 0.050 mg/kg/min in the average 70 kg adult). The 0.4% solution (4 mg/mL) can be given at a rate of 15 to 60 mL/hr (0.25 to 1 mL/min). The 0.8% solution (8 mg/mL) can be given at a rate of 7.5 to 30 mL/hr (0.12 to 0.5 mL/min). Precise dosage regimen is determined by patient characteristics and response.
Route of Administration:
Other
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24440379
Cells were prepared by dissociation from T175 cell culture flasks using trypsineEDTA (0.05%), cells were kept in serum free media in the cell hotel on board the QPatch HT. These cells were sampled, washed and re-suspended in extracellular recording solution by the QPatch HT immediately before application to well site on the chip. Once in whole-cell configuration, vehicle (0.1% DMSO v/v) was applied to the cells to achieve a stable control recording (4-min total). This was followed by application of test concentrations as a single bolus addition (4-min incubation per test concentration). Lidocaine were prepared in extracellular recording solution from a 10mM(100% DMSO) stock to yield a final 10 mkM(0.1% DMSO) test concentration from which subsequent serial dilutions in extracellular solution were performed (0.3-10 mkM). Voltage protocols for the sodium channels being screened were designed to reflect the high-frequency, pathophysiological state of the channels that may be therapeutic targets (Nav1.3, Nav1.4 and Nav1.7), and the lowfrequency, physiological state of the safety target (Nav1.5). Currents were elicited from NaV1.3, NaV1.4 and NaV1.7 cell lines using a standard two-pulse voltage protocol. From a holding potential of -100 mV, a 20 ms activating step to -20 mV was applied to assess the effect of compounds on resting (closed) state block. The second activating pulse was applied following a 5-s pre-pulse to half inactivation potential (variable depending on the sodium channel studied, -65 to -75 mV) to assess block on the openinactivated state of the channel. This protocol was applied at a sweep interval of 0.067 Hz throughout the duration of the experiment.
Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
by
admin
on
Edited
Fri Dec 15 17:42:41 GMT 2023
by
admin
on
Fri Dec 15 17:42:41 GMT 2023
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Record UNII |
EC2CNF7XFP
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Record Status |
Validated (UNII)
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Record Version |
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C245
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1299236
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C90650
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Related Record | Type | Details | ||
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SOLVATE->ANHYDROUS | |||
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PARENT -> SALT/SOLVATE |
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ACTIVE MOIETY |