Details
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Molecular Formula | C10H15N5.ClH |
Molecular Weight | 241.7209 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
c1ccc(cc1)CCNC(=N)NC(=N)N.Cl
InChI
InChIKey=YSUCWSWKRIOILX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C10H15N5.ClH/c11-9(12)15-10(13)14-7-6-8-4-2-1-3-5-8;/h1-5H,6-7H2,(H6,11,12,13,14,15);1H
Molecular Formula | C10H15N5 |
Molecular Weight | 205.26 |
Charge | 0 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Molecular Formula | ClH |
Molecular Weight | 36.4609 |
Charge | 0 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Phenformin is a biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of metformin. It activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibits mTORC1 signaling. Phenformin used for the treatment of diabetes. Phenformin was removed from the U.S. market 20 years ago because of a high incidence of lactic acidosis. Risk factors for the development of lactic acidosis include renal deficiency, hepatic disease, cardiac disease, and drug interaction such as cimetidine. Phenformin exerts potential anti-neoplastic action.
Originator
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL2096907 |
|||
Target ID: CHEMBL1951 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24307270 |
41.0 µM [IC50] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL2095152 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20188727 |
|||
Target ID: CHEMBL2221341 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20444419 |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary | Unknown Approved UseUnknown |
|||
Primary | Unknown Approved UseUnknown |
|||
Primary | INFORMIN Approved UseFor the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus. |
|||
Primary | Unknown Approved UseUnknown |
T1/2
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
11 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1133221/ |
100 mg single, oral dose: 100 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
PHENFORMIN plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
Funbound
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
81% EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1133221/ |
100 mg single, oral dose: 100 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
PHENFORMIN plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
Doses
Dose | Population | Adverse events |
---|---|---|
2500 mg single, oral Overdose |
healthy n = 1 |
Disc. AE: Nausea, Vomiting... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Nausea Sources: Vomiting Anxiety Agitation Polydipsia Polyuria Increased appetite Tachycardia Tachypnea Lactic acidosis Hypoglycemia Hypokalemia |
400 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral (max) Recommended Dose: 400 mg, 2 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 400 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Type 2 diabetes mellitus Sources: |
Disc. AE: Lactic acidosis... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Lactic acidosis Sources: |
AEs
AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
---|---|---|---|
Agitation | Disc. AE | 2500 mg single, oral Overdose |
healthy n = 1 |
Anxiety | Disc. AE | 2500 mg single, oral Overdose |
healthy n = 1 |
Hypoglycemia | Disc. AE | 2500 mg single, oral Overdose |
healthy n = 1 |
Hypokalemia | Disc. AE | 2500 mg single, oral Overdose |
healthy n = 1 |
Increased appetite | Disc. AE | 2500 mg single, oral Overdose |
healthy n = 1 |
Lactic acidosis | Disc. AE | 2500 mg single, oral Overdose |
healthy n = 1 |
Nausea | Disc. AE | 2500 mg single, oral Overdose |
healthy n = 1 |
Polydipsia | Disc. AE | 2500 mg single, oral Overdose |
healthy n = 1 |
Polyuria | Disc. AE | 2500 mg single, oral Overdose |
healthy n = 1 |
Tachycardia | Disc. AE | 2500 mg single, oral Overdose |
healthy n = 1 |
Tachypnea | Disc. AE | 2500 mg single, oral Overdose |
healthy n = 1 |
Vomiting | Disc. AE | 2500 mg single, oral Overdose |
healthy n = 1 |
Lactic acidosis | Disc. AE | 400 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral (max) Recommended Dose: 400 mg, 2 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 400 mg, 2 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Type 2 diabetes mellitus Sources: |
Overview
CYP3A4 | CYP2C9 | CYP2D6 | hERG |
---|---|---|---|
Drug as victim
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
yes | ||||
yes | ||||
yes |
Tox targets
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23716168/ |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
---|---|---|
Enhanced secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 by biguanide compounds. | 2002 Nov 15 |
|
A new method for determination of buformin in plasma and urine by ion-paired reversed-phase HPLC with ultraviolet detection. | 2002 Oct |
|
[Adverse effect of biguanides]. | 2002 Sep |
|
Sustaining pattern of phenformin hydrochloride using various polymers and waxes. | 2002 Sep-Oct |
|
Insulin and longevity: antidiabetic biguanides as geroprotectors. | 2003 |
|
Effects of phenformin on the proliferation of human tumor cell lines. | 2003 Dec 19 |
|
Should we screen diabetic patients using biguanides for megaloblastic anaemia? | 2003 May |
|
Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. | 2003 Nov 24 |
|
Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for the screening of antihyperglycemic biguanides. | 2004 Feb 20 |
|
LKB1 is a master kinase that activates 13 kinases of the AMPK subfamily, including MARK/PAR-1. | 2004 Feb 25 |
|
All-cause mortality in diabetic patients treated with combinations of sulfonylureas and biguanides. | 2004 Jan-Feb |
|
Phenformin and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) activation of AMP-activated protein kinase inhibits transepithelial Na+ transport across H441 lung cells. | 2005 Aug 1 |
|
Metformin reduces adiponectin protein expression and release in 3T3-L1 adipocytes involving activation of AMP activated protein kinase. | 2005 Aug 22 |
|
Contraindications can damage your health--is metformin a case in point? | 2005 Dec |
|
Does AMP-activated protein kinase couple inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by hypoxia to calcium signaling in O2-sensing cells? | 2005 Dec 16 |
|
Anti-lipolytic action of AMP-activated protein kinase in rodent adipocytes. | 2005 Jul 1 |
|
Deficiency of LKB1 in skeletal muscle prevents AMPK activation and glucose uptake during contraction. | 2005 May 18 |
|
Acute renal ischemia rapidly activates the energy sensor AMPK but does not increase phosphorylation of eNOS-Ser1177. | 2005 Nov |
|
Identification of potential caloric restriction mimetics by microarray profiling. | 2005 Nov 17 |
|
HIV/AIDS in older adults: a case report and literature review. | 2005 Sep |
|
Drug-induced pancreatitis: an update. | 2005 Sep |
|
Phenformin-induced lactic acidosis in an older diabetic patient: a recurrent drama (phenformin and lactic acidosis). | 2006 Apr |
|
Use of microarray biomarkers to identify longevity therapeutics. | 2006 Feb |
|
Activators of the energy sensing kinase AMPK inhibit random cell movement and chemotaxis in U937 cells. | 2006 Feb |
|
[Traditional contraindications to the use of metformin -- more harmful than beneficial?]. | 2006 Jan 20 |
|
Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 2006 Jan 25 |
|
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activating agents cause dephosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3. | 2006 May 28 |
|
Muscle-specific overexpression of wild type and R225Q mutant AMP-activated protein kinase gamma3-subunit differentially regulates glycogen accumulation. | 2006 Sep |
|
Pharmacological studies on anti-hyperglycemic effect of folium eriobotryae. | 2007 |
|
The role of AMPK and mTOR in nutrient sensing in pancreatic beta-cells. | 2007 Apr 6 |
|
The role of mitochondria in protection of the heart by preconditioning. | 2007 Aug |
|
Pharmacological activators of AMP-activated protein kinase have different effects on Na+ transport processes across human lung epithelial cells. | 2007 Aug |
|
Metformin and phenformin activate AMP-activated protein kinase in the heart by increasing cytosolic AMP concentration. | 2007 Jul |
|
Simultaneous determination of metformin and rosiglitazone in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization: application to a pharmacokinetic study. | 2007 Jul 1 |
|
Comparison of the kinetic characteristics of inhibitory effects exerted by biguanides and H2-blockers on human and rat organic cation transporter-mediated transport: Insight into the development of drug candidates. | 2007 Jun |
|
Regulation of multisite phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding of AS160 in response to IGF-1, EGF, PMA and AICAR. | 2007 Oct 15 |
|
[Cardiovascular risk and cardiometabolic risk: an epidemiological evaluation]. | 2008 Apr |
|
Comparison of gene expression changes induced by biguanides in db/db mice liver. | 2008 Aug |
|
Mechanisms of myocyte cytotoxicity induced by the multiple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib. | 2008 Dec |
|
Dual role of interleukin-6 in regulating insulin sensitivity in murine skeletal muscle. | 2008 Dec |
|
Biguanide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction yields increased lactate production and cytotoxicity of aerobically-poised HepG2 cells and human hepatocytes in vitro. | 2008 Dec 1 |
|
Important role of the LKB1-AMPK pathway in suppressing tumorigenesis in PTEN-deficient mice. | 2008 Jun 1 |
|
AICAR decreases the activity of two distinct amiloride-sensitive Na+-permeable channels in H441 human lung epithelial cell monolayers. | 2008 Nov |
|
Uncoupling of the LKB1-AMPKalpha energy sensor pathway by growth factors and oncogenic BRAF. | 2009 |
|
AMP-activated protein kinase pathway: a potential therapeutic target in cardiometabolic disease. | 2009 Apr |
|
High-density lipoprotein modulates glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 2009 Apr 21 |
|
Mechanistic insight into control of CFTR by AMPK. | 2009 Feb 27 |
|
Are animal models predictive for humans? | 2009 Jan 15 |
|
Chemical genomics identifies the unfolded protein response as a target for selective cancer cell killing during glucose deprivation. | 2009 May 15 |
|
Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase by interleukin-6 in rat skeletal muscle: association with changes in cAMP, energy state, and endogenous fuel mobilization. | 2009 Sep |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29245964
To evaluate the underlying mechanism of growth inhibition by phenformin, the cell cycle profile was analyzed after treating the SKOV3, Hey and IGROV-1 cell lines with varying doses (0.01-2.5 mM) of phenformin for 24 hours. Phenformin induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and reduced S phase in the Hey and SKOV3 OC cell lines and increased G2 phase in the IGROV-1 OC cell line in a dose-dependent manner.
Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
by
admin
on
Edited
Fri Jun 25 23:14:48 UTC 2021
by
admin
on
Fri Jun 25 23:14:48 UTC 2021
|
Record UNII |
91XC93EU03
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Record Status |
Validated (UNII)
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Record Version |
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-
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C98234
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M8615
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PRIMARY | Merck Index | ||
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235288
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PRIMARY | RxNorm | ||
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C81696
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SUB03743MIG
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212-637-3
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13266
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834-28-6
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DBSALT000273
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834-28-6
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91XC93EU03
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CHEMBL170988
Created by
admin on Fri Jun 25 23:14:48 UTC 2021 , Edited by admin on Fri Jun 25 23:14:48 UTC 2021
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