Details
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Molecular Formula | 4Cl.Ti |
| Molecular Weight | 189.679 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ti+4]
InChI
InChIKey=XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J
InChI=1S/4ClH.Ti/h4*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4
| Molecular Formula | Ti |
| Molecular Weight | 47.867 |
| Charge | 4 |
| Count |
|
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Additional Stereochemistry | No |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Molecular Formula | ClH |
| Molecular Weight | 36.461 |
| Charge | 0 |
| Count |
|
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Additional Stereochemistry | No |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
DescriptionCurator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503414
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503414
Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO
2. When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally it is sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of applications, from paint to sunscreen to food coloring. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171. World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million metric tons. Titanium dioxide has excellent ultraviolet (UV) resistant qualities and acts as a UV absorbent. In the pharmaceutical industry, titanium dioxide is used in most sunscreens to block UVA and UVB rays, similar to zinc oxide. It is also commonly used as pigment for pharmaceutical products such as gelatin capsules, tablet coatings and syrups. In the cosmetics industry, it is used in toothpaste, lipsticks, creams, ointments and powders. It can be used as an opacifier to make pigments opaque. The FDA has approved the safety of titanium dioxide for use as a colorant in food, drugs and cosmetics, including sunscreens. However, controversy exists as to the safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles used in the cosmetics industry, for example in sunscreens. Titanium and zinc oxides may be made into the nanoparticle size (0.2-100 nanometers) to reduce the white appearance when applied topically, but retain the UV blocking properties. Recent studies suggest titanium dioxide nanoparticles may be toxic, although further research is needed.
Approval Year
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Increased expression of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase in rat lungs after inhalation of inflammatory and fibrogenic minerals. | 1994 Mar |
|
| The effects of particulate wear debris, cytokines, and growth factors on the functions of MG-63 osteoblasts. | 2001 Feb |
|
| Molecular and biomechanical characterization of mineralized tissue by dental pulp cells on titanium. | 2005 Jun |
|
| Chemokine gene activation in human bone marrow-derived osteoblasts following exposure to particulate wear debris. | 2006 Apr |
|
| Differential binding of inorganic particles to MARCO. | 2009 Jan |
|
| Ultrafine carbon particles down-regulate CYP1B1 expression in human monocytes. | 2009 Oct 16 |
|
| Influence of metals on cytokines production in connection with successful implantation therapy in dentistry. | 2010 |
|
| Airway exposure to silica-coated TiO2 nanoparticles induces pulmonary neutrophilia in mice. | 2010 Feb |
|
| Engineered nanomaterials cause cytotoxicity and activation on mouse antigen presenting cells. | 2010 Jan 12 |
|
| Titanium ion induces necrosis and sensitivity to lipopolysaccharide in gingival epithelial-like cells. | 2010 Oct |
|
| The effect of TiO(2) and Ag nanoparticles on reproduction and development of Drosophila melanogaster and CD-1 mice. | 2011 Dec 15 |
|
| Chemoprotective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on cellular oxidative damages and apoptosis induced by nano titanium dioxide under UVA irradiation. | 2011 Feb |
|
| Acute respiratory and systemic toxicity of pulmonary exposure to rutile Fe-doped TiO(2) nanorods. | 2011 Jan 11 |
|
| Toll-like receptors and their adaptors are regulated in macrophages after phagocytosis of lipopolysaccharide-coated titanium particles. | 2011 Jul |
|
| Particle stimulation dephosphorylates glutathione S-transferase π1 of epithelial cells. | 2011 Jun 18 |
|
| Molecular control of TiO₂-NPs toxicity formation at predicted environmental relevant concentrations by Mn-SODs proteins. | 2012 |
|
| Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and DNA damage in human amnion epithelial (WISH) cells. | 2012 Mar |
|
| Nanosized TiO2-induced reproductive system dysfunction and its mechanism in female mice. | 2013 |
|
| Molecular mechanisms of nanosized titanium dioxide-induced pulmonary injury in mice. | 2013 |
|
| Titanium dioxide nanoparticles promote arrhythmias via a direct interaction with rat cardiac tissue. | 2014 Dec 9 |
|
| Genotoxicity of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in bone marrow cells of rats in vivo. | 2014 Jan 6 |
|
| Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce migration and adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells and accelerate foam cell formation. | 2014 Jul 1 |
|
| Effect of glycyrrhizic acid on titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. | 2014 Sep 5 |
|
| Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on lead bioconcentration and toxicity on thyroid endocrine system and neuronal development in zebrafish larvae. | 2015 Apr |
|
| Oxidative and pro-inflammatory effects of cobalt and titanium oxide nanoparticles on aortic and venous endothelial cells. | 2015 Apr |
|
| Release of titanium ions from an implant surface and their effect on cytokine production related to alveolar bone resorption. | 2015 Jan 2 |
|
| Titanium nanoparticle inhalation induces renal fibrosis in mice via an oxidative stress upregulated transforming growth factor-β pathway. | 2015 Mar 16 |
|
| Silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles alter oxidative/inflammatory response and renin-angiotensin system in brain. | 2015 Nov |
|
| Cyto- and genotoxic effects of metallic nanoparticles in untransformed human fibroblast. | 2015 Oct |
|
| Titanium dioxide nanoparticles modulate the toxicological response to cadmium in the gills of Mytilus galloprovincialis. | 2015 Oct 30 |
Sample Use Guides
Apply evenly 15 minutes before sun exposure. Reapply as needed or after towel drying, swimming, or perspiring. Children under 6 months of age, ask a doctor.
Route of Administration:
Topical
For the in vitro studies, the stratum corneum side of the skin was in contact with either the aqueous or oily commercial dispersion of microfine TiO2 (150 μl/cm^2). The dermis side was placed onto a tissue of cellulose soaked with isotonic phosphate buffered saline (PBS) of pH 7.4. Twenty-four hours after application of the dispersion, the PBS was removed from the skin with a dry paper towel. For the in vivo studies, 2 μl cm−2 of the commercial dispersions and the different formulations were applied onto the ventral side of the forearm of a healthy female volunteer. After 45 min, any dispersion or formulation that had not penetrated the skin was also removed with a paper towel. All penetration tests were performed in triplicate.
| Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
by
admin
on
Edited
Sat Dec 16 04:17:58 GMT 2023
by
admin
on
Sat Dec 16 04:17:58 GMT 2023
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| Record UNII |
8O3PJE5T7Q
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| Record Status |
Validated (UNII)
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| Record Version |
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DTXSID8042476
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C025096
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7550-45-0
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231-441-9
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24193
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m10904
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870
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TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE
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