ZIDOVUDINE SODIUM

Details

Stereochemistry	ABSOLUTE
Molecular Formula	C10H12N5O4.Na
Molecular Weight	289.2231
Optical Activity	UNSPECIFIED
Defined Stereocenters	3 / 3
E/Z Centers	1
Charge	0

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

[Na+].CC1=CN([C@H]2C[C@H](N=[N+]=[N-])[C@@H](CO)O2)C(=O)[N-]C1=O

InChI

InChIKey=XDTLRYHUHKZMKH-HNPMAXIBSA-M

InChI=1S/C10H13N5O4.Na/c1-5-3-15(10(18)12-9(5)17)8-2-6(13-14-11)7(4-16)19-8;/h3,6-8,16H,2,4H2,1H3,(H,12,17,18);/q;+1/p-1/t6-,7+,8+;/m0./s1

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula	C10H12N5O4
Molecular Weight	266.2334
Charge	-1
Count

Stereochemistry	ABSOLUTE
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	3 / 3
E/Z Centers	1
Optical Activity	UNSPECIFIED

Molecular Formula	Na
Molecular Weight	22.98976928
Charge	1
Count

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	NONE

Description
Sources: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00495
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf

Zidovudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1). Zidovudine is phosphorylated to active metabolites that compete for incorporation into viral DNA. They inhibit the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme competitively and act as a chain terminator of DNA synthesis. The lack of a 3'-OH group in the incorporated nucleoside analogue prevents the formation of the 5' to 3' phosphodiester linkage essential for DNA chain elongation, and therefore, the viral DNA growth is terminated. Zidovudine, a structural analog of thymidine, is a prodrug that must be phosphorylated to its active 5′-triphosphate metabolite, zidovudine triphosphate (ZDV-TP). It inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) via DNA chain termination after incorporation of the nucleotide analogue. It competes with the natural substrate dGTP and incorporates itself into viral DNA. It is also a weak inhibitor of cellular DNA polymerase α and γ. Zidovudine is used in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of human immunovirus (HIV) infections. Zidovudine is marketed as Retrovir.

CNS Activity

Originator

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Potency
DU-145 2 Target ID: CHEMBL613508 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12893431	Inhibitor 8504	24.0 µM [IC50]
MCF7 22 Target ID: CHEMBL387 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12893431	Inhibitor 8504	22.0 µM [IC50]
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase 70 Target ID: CHEMBL247 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf \| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24794751 \| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9001825	Inhibitor 8504	0.01 µM [EC50]

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Targets	Highest Phase	Product
HIV-1 infection 156 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	Primary		Approved 8583	RETROVIR Approved Use RETROVIR is a nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor indicated for: -- Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) infection in combination with other antiretroviral agents. (1.1) -- Prevention of maternal-fetal HIV-1 transmission. (1.2) Launch Date 1987

C_max

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
0.16 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	50 mg single, oral dose: 50 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
0.2 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	50 mg 6 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 50 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
0.74 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	100 mg single, oral dose: 100 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
0.55 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	100 mg 6 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 100 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1.72 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	150 mg single, intravenous dose: 150 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
1 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	250 mg 6 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1.8 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	150 mg 6 times / day steady-state, intravenous dose: 150 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
1.1 μg/mL DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/019910s041lbl.pdf	2.5 mg/kg 6 times / day steady-state, intravenous dose: 2.5 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

AUC

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
0.26 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	50 mg single, oral dose: 50 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
0.32 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	50 mg 6 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 50 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
0.39 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	60 mg single, intravenous dose: 60 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
0.74 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	100 mg single, oral dose: 100 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
0.65 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	100 mg 6 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 100 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1.22 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	150 mg single, intravenous dose: 150 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
1.33 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1.28 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	250 mg 6 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1.31 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	150 mg 6 times / day steady-state, intravenous dose: 150 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
1400 ng × h/mL DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/019910s041lbl.pdf	200 mg single, oral dose: 200 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

T_1/2

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
1.5 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	50 mg single, oral dose: 50 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1.4 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	50 mg 6 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 50 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1.3 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	60 mg single, intravenous dose: 60 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
1.6 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	100 mg single, oral dose: 100 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1.1 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	100 mg 6 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 100 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1.7 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	150 mg single, intravenous dose: 150 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
1.5 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1.1 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	250 mg 6 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1.4 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	150 mg 6 times / day steady-state, intravenous dose: 150 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
1 h DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/019910s041lbl.pdf	200 mg single, oral dose: 200 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

F_unbound

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
62% DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/019910s041lbl.pdf	2.5 mg/kg 6 times / day steady-state, intravenous dose: 2.5 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:		ZIDOVUDINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

Doses

Dose	Population	Adverse events
20000 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 20000 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 20000 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3163102/	unhealthy, 28 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 28 years Sex: M Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3163102/	Disc. AE: Anemia... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Anemia (grade 1, 1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3163102/
1000 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 1000 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 1000 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/	unhealthy, 34 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 34 years Sex: M Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/	Other AEs: Depression... Other AEs: Depression (1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/
22.5 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 22.5 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 22.5 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/	unhealthy, 34 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 34 years Sex: M Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/	Disc. AE: Dizziness, Diarrhoea... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Dizziness (1 patient) Diarrhoea (1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/
20000 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 20000 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 20000 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2900428/	unhealthy, 34 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 34 years Sex: M Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2900428/	Disc. AE: Drowsiness... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Drowsiness (1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2900428/
36 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 36 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 36 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2563536/	unhealthy, 35 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 35 years Sex: M Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2563536/	Disc. AE: Seizure... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Seizure (1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2563536/
134 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 134 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 134 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21867364/	healthy, 4 day Health Status: healthy Age Group: 4 day Sex: F Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21867364/	Disc. AE: Metabolic acidosis exacerbated... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Metabolic acidosis exacerbated (1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21867364/
8000 mg/m2 multiple, intravenous MTD Dose: 8000 mg/m2 Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 8000 mg/m2 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9261522/	unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9261522/	Disc. AE: Cardiac arrhythmia... Other AEs: Diarrhea... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Cardiac arrhythmia (grade 5, 1 patient) Other AEs: Diarrhea (grade 3-4, 17%) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9261522/
40 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 40 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 40 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2563536/	unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2563536/	Disc. AE: Nystagmus... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Nystagmus (1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2563536/
500 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	Other AEs: Asthenia, Headache... Other AEs: Asthenia (9%) Headache (63%) Malaise (53%) Anorexia (20%) Constipation (6%) Nausea (51%) Vomiting (17%) Anemia (1%) Granulocytopenia (2%) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: children Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	Other AEs: Fever, Hepatomegaly... Other AEs: Fever (25%) Hepatomegaly (11%) Nausea and vomiting (8%) Diarrhea (8%) Stomatitis (6%) Splenomegaly (5%) Cough (15%) Breath sounds abnormal (7%) Ear disorders NEC (7%) Congestion nasal (8%) Skin rash (12%) Lymphadenopathy (9%) Neutropenia (8%) Thrombocytopenia (1%) ALT (grade 3, 1%) Lipase (3%) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf

AEs

Overview

CYP3A4	CYP2C9	CYP2D6	hERG
substrate 1946 inhibitor 2252	substrate 1193 inhibitor 2438	inhibitor 2507	inhibitor 2217

OverviewOther

Other Inhibitor	Other Substrate	Other Inducer
UGT 45 P-gp 1741 BCRP 910 OAT3 747 MRP2 499 MRP3 246 MRP4 290 CYP1A2 2153 CYP2A6 879 CYP2C19 2057 CYP2E1 1060 OAT1 725 OAT2 153 OAT4 150 OCT1 620 OCT2 779 OCTN2 71 OATP1B1 1079 OATP1B3 961 OATP2B1 157 MRP1 116	UGT 219 UGT1A1 479 UGT1A3 470 UGT1A4 399 UGT1A6 343 UGT1A7 249 UGT1A9 423 UGT1A10 331 UGT2B4 278 UGT2B7 456 UGT2B15 236 UGT2B17 237 CYP2A6 626 CYP2C8 810 CYP2C19 1119 P-gp 2052 MRP4 91 MRP5 41 BCRP 697 OAT1 395 OAT2 125 OAT3 391 OAT4 93 OCT2 434

Drug as perpetrator

Target	Modality	Activity
BCRP 985	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28712845/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23956101/	no [IC50 <400 uM]
P-gp 1932	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28712845/	no [IC50 <500 uM]
CYP1A2 2333	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwzMzU2IiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	no [IC50 >10 uM]
CYP2A6 911	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkw1MjgyIiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	no [IC50 >10 uM]
CYP2C19 2141	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwzNjIyIiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	no [IC50 >10 uM]
CYP2C9 2497	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwzMzk3IiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	no [IC50 >10 uM]
CYP2D6 2546	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwyODkiLCJ1c2VfY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5Ijp0cnVlLCJzZWFyY2hfdGVybSI6IiIsInRleHRfZmlsdGVyIjoiQ0hFTUJMMTI5In19	no [IC50 >10 uM]
CYP2E1 1146	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkw1MjgxIiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	no [IC50 >10 uM]
CYP3A4 2633	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwzNDAiLCJ1c2VfY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5Ijp0cnVlLCJzZWFyY2hfdGVybSI6IiIsInRleHRfZmlsdGVyIjoiQ0hFTUJMMTI5In19	no [IC50 >10 uM]
MRP2 625	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23956101/	no [IC50 >133 uM]
MRP3 326	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23956101/	no [IC50 >133 uM]
MRP4 345	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23956101/	no [IC50 >133 uM]
MRP1 232	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2002/09060/The_protease_inhibitor_ritonavir_inhibits_the.5.aspx, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwzMDA0IiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	no
OATP2B1 162	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm300212s	no
OCT1 656	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11861798/	no
OCT2 782	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11861798/	no
OCTN2 71	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10525100/, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwyMDczNjkzIiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	no
OAT3 749	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30928510/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11861798/, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwxNjQxMzQ4IiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	weak [IC50 31.34 uM]
UGT 70	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1907149/	yes [Ki 1200 uM]
OAT1 730	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11861798/, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwxNjQxMzQ3IiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	yes
OAT2 155	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11861798/, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwxOTU1NzExIiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	yes
OAT4 150	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11861798/, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwyMDczNjc3IiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	yes
OATP1B1 1095	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23571415/	yes
OATP1B3 970	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23571415/	yes

Drug as victim

Target	Modality	Activity	Clinical evidence
UGT2B7 456	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19628728/	major [Km 770 uM]	yes (pharmacogenomic study) Comment: Km (Pooled HLMs) = 1.4 mM; The carriers of UGT2B7*1c had 57% lower mean AUC (P = 0.029, unpaired t-test), 196% higher mean CL/F (P = 0.004, unpaired t-test) (Figure 3B), and 67% shorter mean elimination half-life (P = 0.030, unpaired t-test) compared with non-carriers. Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19628728/
UGT2B15 236	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/	minor
UGT2B4 278	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/	minor
OCT2 434	substrate 4014 Sources: https://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/13/7/1703, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwxNzQzMTIyIiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	no
UGT1A1 479	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/	no
UGT1A10 331	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/	no
UGT1A3 470	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/	no
UGT1A4 399	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/	no
UGT1A6 343	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/	no
UGT1A7 249	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/	no
UGT1A9 423	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/	no
UGT2B17 237	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/	no
OAT3 391	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11861798/, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwxNjQxMzQ4IiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	yes [Km 145.1 uM]
OAT4 93	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11861798/, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwyMDczNjc3IiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	yes [Km 151.8 uM]
UGT 219	substrate 4014 Sources: https://www.info.pmda.go.jp/go/interview/2/166272_6250001M1038_2_RVC_1F.pdf#page=23, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1907149/, https://bioinformatics.charite.de/transformer/index.php?site=fullinfo&cname=030516871 Page: (PMDA drug information) 23	yes [Km 2400 uM]
OAT2 125	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11861798/, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwxOTU1NzExIiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	yes [Km 26.8 uM]
OAT1 395	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11861798/, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwxNjQxMzQ3IiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	yes [Km 45.9 uM]
BCRP 697	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18464048/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15345326/	yes
CYP2A6 626	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11996015/	yes
CYP2C19 1119	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11996015/	yes
CYP2C8 810	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11996015/	yes
CYP2C9 1193	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11996015/	yes
CYP3A4 1946	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11996015/	yes
MRP4 91	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18535159/	yes
MRP5 41	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18535159/	yes
P-gp 2052	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19472342/	yes

Tox targets

Target	Modality	Activity	Metabolite	Clinical evidence
hERG 2263	inhibitor 2237 Sources: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwyNDAiLCJ1c2VfY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5Ijp0cnVlLCJzZWFyY2hfdGVybSI6IiIsInRleHRfZmlsdGVyIjoiQ0hFTUJMMTI5In19

Sourcing

Vendor/Aggregator	ID	URL
ChEBI	CHEBI:10110	https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:10110
eMolecules	479032	https://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/more?vid=479032
eMolecules	747869	https://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/more?vid=747869
MolPort	MolPort-002-507-286	https://www.molport.com/shop/molecule-link/MolPort-002-507-286
Selleck Chemicals	zidovudine-retrovir	http://www.selleckchem.com/products/zidovudine-retrovir.html
ZINC	ZINC000003779042	http://zinc15.docking.org/substances/ZINC000003779042

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
In vitro anti-hepatitis B virus activities of 5"-O-myristoyl analogue derivatives of 3"-fluoro-2",3"-dideoxythymidine (FLT) and 3"-azido-2",3"-dideoxythymidine (AZT).	2000-08-19	10948398
Prevalence and characteristics of multinucleoside-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 among European patients receiving combinations of nucleoside analogues.	2000-08	10898683
3-year suppression of HIV viremia with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine.	2000-07-04	10877738
Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency in the muscle of patients with zidovudine myopathy is segmental and affects both mitochondrial DNA- and nuclear DNA-encoded subunits.	2000-07	10912924
In vitro selection of mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase that decrease susceptibility to (-)-beta-D-dioxolane-guanosine and suppress resistance to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine.	2000-07	10858331
Presence of 2',5'-Bis-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-3'-spiro-5"-(4"-amino-1",2"-oxath iole-2",2"-dioxide) (TSAO)-resistant virus strains in TSAO-inexperienced HIV patients.	2000-06-10	10875608
'Double-Drugs'--a new class of prodrug form of an HIV protease inhibitor conjugated with a reverse transcriptase inhibitor by a spontaneously cleavable linker.	2000-06-05	10866387
Synthesis and evaluation of "AZT-HEPT", "AZT-pyridinone", and "ddC-HEPT" conjugates as inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase.	2000-05-18	10821705
Anti-AIDS agents part 41: synthesis and anti-HIV activity of 3',4'-di-o-(-)-camphanoyl-(+)-cis-khellactone (DCK) lactam analogues.	2000-05-15	10843202
Fetal mitochondrial heart and skeletal muscle damage in Erythrocebus patas monkeys exposed in utero to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine.	2000-05-01	10791874
Anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of novel aminoglycoside-arginine conjugates at early stages of infection.	2000-05-01	10791873
Variable sensitivity of CCR5-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates to inhibition by RANTES analogs.	2000-05	10775626
3'-azido-3'-deoxythimidine (AZT) is glucuronidated by human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7).	2000-05	10772627
Selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants resistant to the (+) and (-) enantiomers of 2'-deoxy-3'-oxa-4'-thio-5-fluorocytidine.	2000-05	10770740
Synthesis and antiviral activity of amino acid carbamate derivatives of AZT.	2000-04-25	10772704
Long-term exposure of HIV type 1-infected cell cultures to combinations of the novel quinoxaline GW420867X with lamivudine, abacavir, and a variety of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.	2000-04-10	10777142
Synthesis and biological activity of N-acylphenothiazines.	2000-04	10773488
Antiviral properties of a series of 1,6-naphthyridine and 7, 8-dihydroisoquinoline derivatives exhibiting potent activity against human cytomegalovirus.	2000-04	10722493
Spiropentane mimics of nucleosides: analogues of 2'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-deoxyguanosine. Synthesis of all stereoisomers, isomeric assignment, and biological activity.	2000-03-10	10814087
Non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors: synthesis and biological evaluation of novel quinoxalinylethylpyridylthioureas as potent antiviral agents.	2000-03	10819438
Structure-activity relationship studies on potential non-nucleoside DABO-like inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.	2000-03	10819436
Syntheses of oxanosine and carbocyclic oxanosine derivatives as anti-HIV agents.	2000-03	10819305
Sesquiterpene alkaloids from Tripterygium hypoglaucum and Tripterygium wilfordii: a new class of potent anti-HIV agents.	2000-03	10757718
Coumarins and bicoumarin from Ferula sumbul: anti-HIV activity and inhibition of cytokine release.	2000-03	10746882
Severe hypertension and renal atrophy associated with indinavir.	2000-03	10722466
Cardiac dysfunction occurs in the HIV-1 transgenic mouse treated with zidovudine.	2000-02	10701688
Antioxidant function of phenethyl-5-bromo-pyridyl thiourea compounds with potent anti-HIV activity.	2000-01-03	10636251
Importance of the alanine methyl ester side chain for the biological activity profile of dual-function phenyl phosphate derivatives of bromo-methoxy-zidovudine.	2000-01	10693652
Activities of masked 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside monophosphate derivatives against human immunodeficiency virus in resting macrophages.	2000-01	10602742
Inhibition of beta-globin gene expression by 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine in human erythroid progenitor cells.	1999-12-31	10651068
N'-[2-(2-thiophene)ethyl]-N'-[2-(5-bromopyridyl)] thiourea as a potent inhibitor of NNI-resistant and multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus-1.	1999-12-20	10617082
Prophylactic contraceptives for HIV/AIDS.	1999-12-03	10582788
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of 1,1,3-trioxo-2H,4H-thieno[3,4-e][1,2,4]thiadiazines (TTDs): a new family of HIV-1 specific non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.	1999-12	10658585
Charge modification of plasma and milk proteins results in antiviral active compounds.	1999-12	10628656
Resistance of the human immunodeficiency virus to the inhibitory action of negatively charged albumins on virus binding to CD4.	1999-11-20	10580404
Multiorgan transplacental and neonatal carcinogenicity of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine in mice.	1999-11-15	10558926
Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains resistant to the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor RD4-2217.	1999-11	10628806
Pyrrolobenzoxazepinone derivatives as non-nucleoside HIV-1 RT inhibitors: further structure-activity relationship studies and identification of more potent broad-spectrum HIV-1 RT inhibitors with antiviral activity.	1999-10-21	10543890
Genotoxicity of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine in the human lymphoblastoid cell line, TK6: relationships between DNA incorporation, mutant frequency, and spectrum of deletion mutations in HPRT.	1999-10-19	10526209
A novel genotype encoding a single amino acid insertion and five other substitutions between residues 64 and 74 of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase confers high-level cross-resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Abacavir CNA2007 International Study Group.	1999-10-01	10843527
Synthesis and anti-retroviral activity of O,O'-bis(3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidin-5'-yl) phosphoramidate derivatives.	1999-10	10616733
Synthesis of 2',3'-dideoxy-2'-fluoro-L-threo-pentofuranosyl nucleosides as potential antiviral agents.	1999-10	10616728
Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and perinatal exposure to antiretroviral nucleoside analogues.	1999-09-25	10509500
N-[2-(1-cyclohexenyl)ethyl]-N'-[2-(5-bromopyridyl)]-thiourea and N'-[2-(1-cyclohexenyl)ethyl]-N'-[2-(5-chloropyridyl)]-thiourea as potent inhibitors of multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus-1.	1999-09-20	10509923
Structure-based design of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors of drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus.	1999-09	10574178
Anti-AIDS agents. Part 36: 17-carboxylated steroids as potential anti-HIV agents.	1999-09	10530939
Zidovudine (AZT) induced alterations in mitochondrial biogenesis in rat striated muscles.	1999-01	10535663
Synthesis of 4'-substituted nucleosides and their biological evaluation.	1999	10780412
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of unusual nucleoside oxanosine derivatives.	1999	10780358
Anti-HIV antiviral activity of stavudine in a thymidine kinase-deficient cellular line.	1998	10682138

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

Treatment of HIV-1 infection: Adults: 600 mg/day in divided doses with other antiretroviral agents. Pediatric patients (6 weeks to <18 years of age): Dosage should be calculated based on body weight not to exceed adult dose.

Route of Administration: Oral

In Vitro Use Guide

The antiviral activity of CD8(+) cells from 2 LTSs was inhibited by 5 uM of zidovudine.

Substance Class	Chemical Created by `admin` on `Mon Mar 31 19:08:03 GMT 2025` Edited by `admin` on `Mon Mar 31 19:08:03 GMT 2025`
Record UNII	8O1GL13IL5
Record Status	`Validated (UNII)`
Record Version

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Name

Type

Language

ZIDOVUDINE SODIUM

Common Name

English

THYMIDINE,3'-AZIDO-3'-DEOXY-, MONOSODIUM SALT

Preferred Name

English

ZIDOVUDINE SODIUM SALT

Common Name

English

THYMIDINE, 3'-AZIDO-3'-DEOXY-, SODIUM SALT (1:1)

Systematic Name

English

Code System Code Type Description

CAS

106060-86-0

Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 19:08:03 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 19:08:03 GMT 2025

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FDA UNII

8O1GL13IL5

Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 19:08:03 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 19:08:03 GMT 2025

PRIMARY

EPA CompTox

DTXSID30147497

Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 19:08:03 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 19:08:03 GMT 2025

PRIMARY

PUBCHEM

56840976

Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 19:08:03 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 19:08:03 GMT 2025

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Related Record Type Details


					4B9XT59T7S

ZIDOVUDINE

PARENT -> SALT/SOLVATE

Amount:

Related Record Type Details


					4B9XT59T7S

ZIDOVUDINE

ACTIVE MOIETY

Amount:

AE	Significance	Dose	Population
Anemia	grade 1, 1 patient Disc. AE	20000 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 20000 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 20000 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3163102/	unhealthy, 28 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 28 years Sex: M Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3163102/
Depression	1 patient	1000 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 1000 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 1000 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/	unhealthy, 34 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 34 years Sex: M Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/
Diarrhoea	1 patient Disc. AE	22.5 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 22.5 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 22.5 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/	unhealthy, 34 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 34 years Sex: M Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/
Dizziness	1 patient Disc. AE	22.5 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 22.5 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 22.5 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/	unhealthy, 34 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 34 years Sex: M Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/
Drowsiness	1 patient Disc. AE	20000 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 20000 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 20000 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2900428/	unhealthy, 34 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 34 years Sex: M Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2900428/
Seizure	1 patient Disc. AE	36 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 36 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 36 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2563536/	unhealthy, 35 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 35 years Sex: M Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2563536/
Metabolic acidosis exacerbated	1 patient Disc. AE	134 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 134 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 134 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21867364/	healthy, 4 day Health Status: healthy Age Group: 4 day Sex: F Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21867364/
Diarrhea	grade 3-4, 17%	8000 mg/m2 multiple, intravenous MTD Dose: 8000 mg/m2 Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 8000 mg/m2 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9261522/	unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9261522/
Cardiac arrhythmia	grade 5, 1 patient Disc. AE	8000 mg/m2 multiple, intravenous MTD Dose: 8000 mg/m2 Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 8000 mg/m2 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9261522/	unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9261522/
Nystagmus	1 patient Disc. AE	40 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 40 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 40 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2563536/	unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2563536/
Anemia	1%	500 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Vomiting	17%	500 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Granulocytopenia	2%	500 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Anorexia	20%	500 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Nausea	51%	500 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Malaise	53%	500 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Constipation	6%	500 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Headache	63%	500 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Asthenia	9%	500 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, adult Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Thrombocytopenia	1%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: children Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Hepatomegaly	11%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: children Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Skin rash	12%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: children Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Cough	15%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: children Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Fever	25%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: children Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Lipase	3%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: children Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Splenomegaly	5%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: children Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Stomatitis	6%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: children Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Breath sounds abnormal	7%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: children Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Ear disorders NEC	7%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: children Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Congestion nasal	8%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: children Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Diarrhea	8%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: children Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Nausea and vomiting	8%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: children Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Neutropenia	8%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: children Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Lymphadenopathy	9%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: children Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
ALT	grade 3, 1%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: children Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf

Details

SMILES

InChI

DescriptionSources: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00495Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf

CNS Activity

Originator

Approval Year

Targets

Conditions

Approved Use

Launch Date

Cmax

AUC

T1/2

Funbound

Doses

AEs

Overview

OverviewOther

Drug as perpetrator​

Drug as victim

Tox targets

Sourcing

PubMed

Patents

Sample Use Guides

Description
Sources: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00495
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf

C_max

T_1/2

F_unbound

Drug as perpetrator