ZIDOVUDINE SODIUM

Details

Stereochemistry	ABSOLUTE
Molecular Formula	C10H12N5O4.Na
Molecular Weight	289.2231
Optical Activity	UNSPECIFIED
Defined Stereocenters	3 / 3
E/Z Centers	1
Charge	0

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

[Na+].CC1=CN([C@H]2C[C@H](N=[N+]=[N-])[C@@H](CO)O2)C(=O)[N-]C1=O

InChI

InChIKey=XDTLRYHUHKZMKH-HNPMAXIBSA-M

InChI=1S/C10H13N5O4.Na/c1-5-3-15(10(18)12-9(5)17)8-2-6(13-14-11)7(4-16)19-8;/h3,6-8,16H,2,4H2,1H3,(H,12,17,18);/q;+1/p-1/t6-,7+,8+;/m0./s1

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula	Na
Molecular Weight	22.9898
Charge	1
Count

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	NONE

Molecular Formula	C10H12N5O4
Molecular Weight	266.2334
Charge	-1
Count

Stereochemistry	ABSOLUTE
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	3 / 3
E/Z Centers	1
Optical Activity	UNSPECIFIED

Description
Sources: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00495
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf

Zidovudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1). Zidovudine is phosphorylated to active metabolites that compete for incorporation into viral DNA. They inhibit the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme competitively and act as a chain terminator of DNA synthesis. The lack of a 3'-OH group in the incorporated nucleoside analogue prevents the formation of the 5' to 3' phosphodiester linkage essential for DNA chain elongation, and therefore, the viral DNA growth is terminated. Zidovudine, a structural analog of thymidine, is a prodrug that must be phosphorylated to its active 5′-triphosphate metabolite, zidovudine triphosphate (ZDV-TP). It inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) via DNA chain termination after incorporation of the nucleotide analogue. It competes with the natural substrate dGTP and incorporates itself into viral DNA. It is also a weak inhibitor of cellular DNA polymerase α and γ. Zidovudine is used in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of human immunovirus (HIV) infections. Zidovudine is marketed as Retrovir.

CNS Activity

Originator

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Potency
DU-145 2 Target ID: CHEMBL613508 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12893431	Inhibitor 8297	24.0 µM [IC50]
MCF7 21 Target ID: CHEMBL387 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12893431	Inhibitor 8297	22.0 µM [IC50]
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase 67 Target ID: CHEMBL247 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf \| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24794751 \| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9001825	Inhibitor 8297	0.01 µM [EC50]

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Targets	Highest Phase	Product
HIV-1 infection 151 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	Primary		Approved 8429	RETROVIR Approved Use RETROVIR is a nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor indicated for: -- Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) infection in combination with other antiretroviral agents. (1.1) -- Prevention of maternal-fetal HIV-1 transmission. (1.2) Launch Date 1987

C_max

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
1.1 μg/mL DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/019910s041lbl.pdf	2.5 mg/kg 6 times / day steady-state, intravenous dose: 2.5 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
0.2 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	50 mg 6 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 50 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
0.55 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	100 mg 6 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 100 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	250 mg 6 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1.8 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	150 mg 6 times / day steady-state, intravenous dose: 150 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
0.16 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	50 mg single, oral dose: 50 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
0.74 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	100 mg single, oral dose: 100 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1.72 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	150 mg single, intravenous dose: 150 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
1 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED

AUC

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
1400 ng × h/mL DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/019910s041lbl.pdf	200 mg single, oral dose: 200 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
0.32 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	50 mg 6 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 50 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
0.65 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	100 mg 6 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 100 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1.28 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	250 mg 6 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1.31 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	150 mg 6 times / day steady-state, intravenous dose: 150 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
0.26 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	50 mg single, oral dose: 50 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
0.39 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	60 mg single, intravenous dose: 60 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
0.74 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	100 mg single, oral dose: 100 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1.22 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	150 mg single, intravenous dose: 150 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
1.33 mg × h/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED

T_1/2

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
1 h DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/019910s041lbl.pdf	200 mg single, oral dose: 200 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
1.4 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	50 mg 6 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 50 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1.1 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	100 mg 6 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 100 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1.1 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	250 mg 6 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1.4 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	150 mg 6 times / day steady-state, intravenous dose: 150 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
1.5 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	50 mg single, oral dose: 50 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1.3 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	60 mg single, intravenous dose: 60 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
1.6 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	100 mg single, oral dose: 100 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED
1.7 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	150 mg single, intravenous dose: 150 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
1.5 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803995	250 mg single, oral dose: 250 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	ZIDOVUDINE serum	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED

F_unbound

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
62% DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/019910s041lbl.pdf	2.5 mg/kg 6 times / day steady-state, intravenous dose: 2.5 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:		ZIDOVUDINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

Doses

Dose	Population	Adverse events
20000 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 20000 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 20000 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3163102/	unhealthy, 28 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: 28 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3163102/	Disc. AE: Anemia... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Anemia (grade 1, 1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3163102/
1000 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 1000 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 1000 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/	unhealthy, 34 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1, homosexual Age Group: 34 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/	Other AEs: Depression... Other AEs: Depression (1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/
22.5 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 22.5 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 22.5 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/	unhealthy, 34 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1, homosexual Age Group: 34 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/	Disc. AE: Dizziness, Diarrhoea... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Dizziness (1 patient) Diarrhoea (1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/
20000 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 20000 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 20000 mg Co-administed with:: temazepam Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2900428/	unhealthy, 34 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: 34 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2900428/	Disc. AE: Drowsiness... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Drowsiness (1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2900428/
36 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 36 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 36 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2563536/	unhealthy, 35 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: 35 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2563536/	Disc. AE: Seizure... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Seizure (1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2563536/
134 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 134 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 134 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21867364/	healthy, 4 day n = 1 Health Status: healthy Condition: HIV postnatal prophylaxis Age Group: 4 day Sex: F Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21867364/	Disc. AE: Metabolic acidosis exacerbated... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Metabolic acidosis exacerbated (1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21867364/
8000 mg/m2 multiple, intravenous MTD Dose: 8000 mg/m2 Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 8000 mg/m2 Co-administed with:: 5-fluorouracil(500 mg/m2) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9261522/	unhealthy, adult n = 29 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: metastatic colorectal cancer Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Population Size: 29 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9261522/	Disc. AE: Cardiac arrhythmia... Other AEs: Diarrhea... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Cardiac arrhythmia (grade 5, 1 patient) Other AEs: Diarrhea (grade 3-4, 17%) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9261522/
40 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 40 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 40 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2563536/	unhealthy, adult n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2563536/	Disc. AE: Nystagmus... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Nystagmus (1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2563536/
500 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, adult n = 453 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Population Size: 453 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	Other AEs: Asthenia, Headache... Other AEs: Asthenia (9%) Headache (63%) Malaise (53%) Anorexia (20%) Constipation (6%) Nausea (51%) Vomiting (17%) Anemia (1%) Granulocytopenia (2%) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: EPIVIR(4 mg/kg twice daily) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children n = 236 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: children Sex: unknown Population Size: 236 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	Other AEs: Fever, Hepatomegaly... Other AEs: Fever (25%) Hepatomegaly (11%) Nausea and vomiting (8%) Diarrhea (8%) Stomatitis (6%) Splenomegaly (5%) Cough (15%) Breath sounds abnormal (7%) Ear disorders NEC (7%) Congestion nasal (8%) Skin rash (12%) Lymphadenopathy (9%) Neutropenia (8%) Thrombocytopenia (1%) ALT (grade 3, 1%) Lipase (3%) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf

AEs

Overview

CYP3A4	CYP2C9	CYP2D6	hERG
substrate 1737 inhibitor 1587	substrate 1037 inhibitor 1767	inhibitor 1852	inhibitor 1612

OverviewOther

Other Inhibitor	Other Substrate	Other Inducer
UGT 35 P-gp 1461 BCRP 699 OAT3 642 MRP2 383 MRP3 157 MRP4 204 CYP1A2 1524 CYP2A6 707 CYP2C19 1478 CYP2E1 882 OAT1 599 OAT2 145 OAT4 146 OCT1 512 OCT2 647 OCTN2 66 OATP1B1 788 OATP1B3 706 OATP2B1 123 MRP1 106	UGT 192 UGT1A1 418 UGT1A3 422 UGT1A4 347 UGT1A6 307 UGT1A7 236 UGT1A9 380 UGT1A10 291 UGT2B4 249 UGT2B7 389 UGT2B15 203 UGT2B17 213 CYP2A6 543 CYP2C8 693 CYP2C19 991 P-gp 1537 MRP4 77 MRP5 40 BCRP 561 OAT1 326 OAT2 115 OAT3 339 OAT4 78 OCT2 355

Drug as perpetrator

Target	Modality	Activity
BCRP 773	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28712845/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23956101/	no [IC50 <400 uM]
P-gp 1650	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28712845/	no [IC50 <500 uM]
CYP1A2 1692	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwzMzU2IiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	no [IC50 >10 uM]
CYP2A6 739	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkw1MjgyIiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	no [IC50 >10 uM]
CYP2C19 1553	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwzNjIyIiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	no [IC50 >10 uM]
CYP2C9 1819	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwzMzk3IiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	no [IC50 >10 uM]
CYP2D6 1891	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwyODkiLCJ1c2VfY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5Ijp0cnVlLCJzZWFyY2hfdGVybSI6IiIsInRleHRfZmlsdGVyIjoiQ0hFTUJMMTI5In19	no [IC50 >10 uM]
CYP2E1 970	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkw1MjgxIiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	no [IC50 >10 uM]
CYP3A4 1925	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwzNDAiLCJ1c2VfY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5Ijp0cnVlLCJzZWFyY2hfdGVybSI6IiIsInRleHRfZmlsdGVyIjoiQ0hFTUJMMTI5In19	no [IC50 >10 uM]
MRP2 475	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23956101/	no [IC50 >133 uM]
MRP3 207	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23956101/	no [IC50 >133 uM]
MRP4 238	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23956101/	no [IC50 >133 uM]
MRP1 172	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2002/09060/The_protease_inhibitor_ritonavir_inhibits_the.5.aspx, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwzMDA0IiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	no
OATP2B1 126	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm300212s	no
OCT1 543	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11861798/	no
OCT2 648	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11861798/	no
OCTN2 71	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10525100/, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwyMDczNjkzIiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	no
OAT3 644	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30928510/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11861798/, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwxNjQxMzQ4IiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	weak [IC50 31.34 uM]
UGT 59	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1907149/	yes [Ki 1200 uM]
OAT1 603	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11861798/, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwxNjQxMzQ3IiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	yes
OAT2 147	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11861798/, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwxOTU1NzExIiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	yes
OAT4 146	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11861798/, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwyMDczNjc3IiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	yes
OATP1B1 803	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23571415/	yes
OATP1B3 715	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23571415/	yes

Drug as victim

Target	Modality	Activity	Clinical evidence
UGT2B7 389	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19628728/	major [Km 770 uM]	yes (pharmacogenomic study) Comment: Km (Pooled HLMs) = 1.4 mM; The carriers of UGT2B7*1c had 57% lower mean AUC (P = 0.029, unpaired t-test), 196% higher mean CL/F (P = 0.004, unpaired t-test) (Figure 3B), and 67% shorter mean elimination half-life (P = 0.030, unpaired t-test) compared with non-carriers. Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19628728/
UGT2B15 203	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/	minor
UGT2B4 249	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/	minor
OCT2 355	substrate 3367 Sources: https://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/13/7/1703, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwxNzQzMTIyIiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	no
UGT1A1 418	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/	no
UGT1A10 291	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/	no
UGT1A3 422	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/	no
UGT1A4 347	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/	no
UGT1A6 307	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/	no
UGT1A7 236	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/	no
UGT1A9 380	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/	no
UGT2B17 213	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920168/	no
OAT3 339	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11861798/, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwxNjQxMzQ4IiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	yes [Km 145.1 uM]
OAT4 78	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11861798/, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwyMDczNjc3IiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	yes [Km 151.8 uM]
UGT 192	substrate 3367 Sources: https://www.info.pmda.go.jp/go/interview/2/166272_6250001M1038_2_RVC_1F.pdf#page=23, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1907149/, https://bioinformatics.charite.de/transformer/index.php?site=fullinfo&cname=030516871 Page: (PMDA drug information) 23	yes [Km 2400 uM]
OAT2 115	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11861798/, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwxOTU1NzExIiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	yes [Km 26.8 uM]
OAT1 326	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11861798/, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwxNjQxMzQ3IiwidXNlX2N1c3RvbV9xdWVyeSI6dHJ1ZSwic2VhcmNoX3Rlcm0iOiIiLCJ0ZXh0X2ZpbHRlciI6IkNIRU1CTDEyOSJ9fQ%3D%3D	yes [Km 45.9 uM]
BCRP 561	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18464048/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15345326/	yes
CYP2A6 543	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11996015/	yes
CYP2C19 991	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11996015/	yes
CYP2C8 693	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11996015/	yes
CYP2C9 1037	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11996015/	yes
CYP3A4 1737	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11996015/	yes
MRP4 77	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18535159/	yes
MRP5 40	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18535159/	yes
P-gp 1537	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19472342/	yes

Tox targets

Target	Modality	Activity	Metabolite	Clinical evidence
hERG 1647	inhibitor 1626 Sources: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/g/#browse/activities/full_state/eyJsaXN0Ijp7InNldHRpbmdzX3BhdGgiOiJFU19JTkRFWEVTX05PX01BSU5fU0VBUkNILkFDVElWSVRZIiwiY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5IjoidGFyZ2V0X2NoZW1ibF9pZDpDSEVNQkwyNDAiLCJ1c2VfY3VzdG9tX3F1ZXJ5Ijp0cnVlLCJzZWFyY2hfdGVybSI6IiIsInRleHRfZmlsdGVyIjoiQ0hFTUJMMTI5In19

Sourcing

Vendor/Aggregator	ID	URL
ChEBI	CHEBI:10110	https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:10110
MolPort	MolPort-002-507-286	https://www.molport.com/shop/molecule-link/MolPort-002-507-286
Selleck Chemicals	zidovudine-retrovir	http://www.selleckchem.com/products/zidovudine-retrovir.html
ZINC	ZINC000003779042	http://zinc15.docking.org/substances/ZINC000003779042
eMolecules	479032	https://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/more?vid=479032
eMolecules	747869	https://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/more?vid=747869

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
Anti-HIV antiviral activity of stavudine in a thymidine kinase-deficient cellular line.	1998	10682138
In vitro anti-hepatitis B virus activities of 5"-O-myristoyl analogue derivatives of 3"-fluoro-2",3"-dideoxythymidine (FLT) and 3"-azido-2",3"-dideoxythymidine (AZT).	1998 Sep-Dec	10948398
Synthesis of 4'-substituted nucleosides and their biological evaluation.	1999	10780412
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of unusual nucleoside oxanosine derivatives.	1999	10780358
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of 1,1,3-trioxo-2H,4H-thieno[3,4-e][1,2,4]thiadiazines (TTDs): a new family of HIV-1 specific non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.	1999 Dec	10658585
Charge modification of plasma and milk proteins results in antiviral active compounds.	1999 Dec	10628656
N'-[2-(2-thiophene)ethyl]-N'-[2-(5-bromopyridyl)] thiourea as a potent inhibitor of NNI-resistant and multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus-1.	1999 Dec 20	10617082
Inhibition of beta-globin gene expression by 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine in human erythroid progenitor cells.	1999 Dec 31	10651068
Zidovudine (AZT) induced alterations in mitochondrial biogenesis in rat striated muscles.	1999 Jan	10535663
Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains resistant to the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor RD4-2217.	1999 Nov	10628806
Multiorgan transplacental and neonatal carcinogenicity of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine in mice.	1999 Nov 15	10558926
Resistance of the human immunodeficiency virus to the inhibitory action of negatively charged albumins on virus binding to CD4.	1999 Nov 20	10580404
Synthesis and anti-retroviral activity of O,O'-bis(3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidin-5'-yl) phosphoramidate derivatives.	1999 Oct	10616733
Synthesis of 2',3'-dideoxy-2'-fluoro-L-threo-pentofuranosyl nucleosides as potential antiviral agents.	1999 Oct	10616728
A novel genotype encoding a single amino acid insertion and five other substitutions between residues 64 and 74 of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase confers high-level cross-resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Abacavir CNA2007 International Study Group.	1999 Oct 1	10843527
Genotoxicity of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine in the human lymphoblastoid cell line, TK6: relationships between DNA incorporation, mutant frequency, and spectrum of deletion mutations in HPRT.	1999 Oct 19	10526209
Pyrrolobenzoxazepinone derivatives as non-nucleoside HIV-1 RT inhibitors: further structure-activity relationship studies and identification of more potent broad-spectrum HIV-1 RT inhibitors with antiviral activity.	1999 Oct 21	10543890
Structure-based design of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors of drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus.	1999 Sep	10574178
Anti-AIDS agents. Part 36: 17-carboxylated steroids as potential anti-HIV agents.	1999 Sep	10530939
N-[2-(1-cyclohexenyl)ethyl]-N'-[2-(5-bromopyridyl)]-thiourea and N'-[2-(1-cyclohexenyl)ethyl]-N'-[2-(5-chloropyridyl)]-thiourea as potent inhibitors of multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus-1.	1999 Sep 20	10509923
Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and perinatal exposure to antiretroviral nucleoside analogues.	1999 Sep 25	10509500
Prophylactic contraceptives for HIV/AIDS.	1999 Sep-Oct	10582788
Synthesis and biological activity of N-acylphenothiazines.	2000 Apr	10773488
Antiviral properties of a series of 1,6-naphthyridine and 7, 8-dihydroisoquinoline derivatives exhibiting potent activity against human cytomegalovirus.	2000 Apr	10722493
Long-term exposure of HIV type 1-infected cell cultures to combinations of the novel quinoxaline GW420867X with lamivudine, abacavir, and a variety of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.	2000 Apr 10	10777142
Prevalence and characteristics of multinucleoside-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 among European patients receiving combinations of nucleoside analogues.	2000 Aug	10898683
Cardiac dysfunction occurs in the HIV-1 transgenic mouse treated with zidovudine.	2000 Feb	10701688
Importance of the alanine methyl ester side chain for the biological activity profile of dual-function phenyl phosphate derivatives of bromo-methoxy-zidovudine.	2000 Jan	10693652
Activities of masked 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside monophosphate derivatives against human immunodeficiency virus in resting macrophages.	2000 Jan	10602742
Antioxidant function of phenethyl-5-bromo-pyridyl thiourea compounds with potent anti-HIV activity.	2000 Jan 3	10636251
Synthesis and antiviral activity of amino acid carbamate derivatives of AZT.	2000 Jan-Feb	10772704
Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency in the muscle of patients with zidovudine myopathy is segmental and affects both mitochondrial DNA- and nuclear DNA-encoded subunits.	2000 Jul	10912924
In vitro selection of mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase that decrease susceptibility to (-)-beta-D-dioxolane-guanosine and suppress resistance to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine.	2000 Jul	10858331
3-year suppression of HIV viremia with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine.	2000 Jul 4	10877738
Presence of 2',5'-Bis-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-3'-spiro-5"-(4"-amino-1",2"-oxath iole-2",2"-dioxide) (TSAO)-resistant virus strains in TSAO-inexperienced HIV patients.	2000 Jun 10	10875608
'Double-Drugs'--a new class of prodrug form of an HIV protease inhibitor conjugated with a reverse transcriptase inhibitor by a spontaneously cleavable linker.	2000 Jun 5	10866387
Non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors: synthesis and biological evaluation of novel quinoxalinylethylpyridylthioureas as potent antiviral agents.	2000 Mar	10819438
Structure-activity relationship studies on potential non-nucleoside DABO-like inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.	2000 Mar	10819436
Syntheses of oxanosine and carbocyclic oxanosine derivatives as anti-HIV agents.	2000 Mar	10819305
Sesquiterpene alkaloids from Tripterygium hypoglaucum and Tripterygium wilfordii: a new class of potent anti-HIV agents.	2000 Mar	10757718
Coumarins and bicoumarin from Ferula sumbul: anti-HIV activity and inhibition of cytokine release.	2000 Mar	10746882
Severe hypertension and renal atrophy associated with indinavir.	2000 Mar	10722466
Spiropentane mimics of nucleosides: analogues of 2'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-deoxyguanosine. Synthesis of all stereoisomers, isomeric assignment, and biological activity.	2000 Mar 10	10814087
Variable sensitivity of CCR5-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates to inhibition by RANTES analogs.	2000 May	10775626
3'-azido-3'-deoxythimidine (AZT) is glucuronidated by human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7).	2000 May	10772627
Selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants resistant to the (+) and (-) enantiomers of 2'-deoxy-3'-oxa-4'-thio-5-fluorocytidine.	2000 May	10770740
Fetal mitochondrial heart and skeletal muscle damage in Erythrocebus patas monkeys exposed in utero to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine.	2000 May 1	10791874
Anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of novel aminoglycoside-arginine conjugates at early stages of infection.	2000 May 1	10791873
Anti-AIDS agents part 41: synthesis and anti-HIV activity of 3',4'-di-o-(-)-camphanoyl-(+)-cis-khellactone (DCK) lactam analogues.	2000 May 15	10843202
Synthesis and evaluation of "AZT-HEPT", "AZT-pyridinone", and "ddC-HEPT" conjugates as inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase.	2000 May 18	10821705

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

Treatment of HIV-1 infection: Adults: 600 mg/day in divided doses with other antiretroviral agents. Pediatric patients (6 weeks to <18 years of age): Dosage should be calculated based on body weight not to exceed adult dose.

Route of Administration: Oral

In Vitro Use Guide

The antiviral activity of CD8(+) cells from 2 LTSs was inhibited by 5 uM of zidovudine.

Substance Class	Chemical Created by `admin` on `Fri Dec 15 18:12:11 GMT 2023` Edited by `admin` on `Fri Dec 15 18:12:11 GMT 2023`
Record UNII	8O1GL13IL5
Record Status	`Validated (UNII)`
Record Version

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Name

Type

Language

ZIDOVUDINE SODIUM

Common Name

English

ZIDOVUDINE SODIUM SALT

Common Name

English

THYMIDINE, 3'-AZIDO-3'-DEOXY-, SODIUM SALT (1:1)

Systematic Name

English

THYMIDINE,3'-AZIDO-3'-DEOXY-, MONOSODIUM SALT

Common Name

English

Code System Code Type Description

CAS

106060-86-0

Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:12:11 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:12:11 GMT 2023

PRIMARY

FDA UNII

8O1GL13IL5

Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:12:11 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:12:11 GMT 2023

PRIMARY

EPA CompTox

DTXSID30147497

Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:12:11 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:12:11 GMT 2023

PRIMARY

PUBCHEM

56840976

Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:12:11 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 18:12:11 GMT 2023

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Related Record Type Details


					4B9XT59T7S

ZIDOVUDINE

PARENT -> SALT/SOLVATE

Amount:

Related Record Type Details


					4B9XT59T7S

ZIDOVUDINE

ACTIVE MOIETY

Amount:

AE	Significance	Dose	Population
Anemia	grade 1, 1 patient Disc. AE	20000 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 20000 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 20000 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3163102/	unhealthy, 28 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: 28 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3163102/
Depression	1 patient	1000 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 1000 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 1000 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/	unhealthy, 34 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1, homosexual Age Group: 34 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/
Diarrhoea	1 patient Disc. AE	22.5 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 22.5 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 22.5 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/	unhealthy, 34 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1, homosexual Age Group: 34 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/
Dizziness	1 patient Disc. AE	22.5 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 22.5 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 22.5 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/	unhealthy, 34 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1, homosexual Age Group: 34 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2036464/
Drowsiness	1 patient Disc. AE	20000 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 20000 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 20000 mg Co-administed with:: temazepam Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2900428/	unhealthy, 34 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: 34 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2900428/
Seizure	1 patient Disc. AE	36 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 36 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 36 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2563536/	unhealthy, 35 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: 35 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2563536/
Metabolic acidosis exacerbated	1 patient Disc. AE	134 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 134 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 134 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21867364/	healthy, 4 day n = 1 Health Status: healthy Condition: HIV postnatal prophylaxis Age Group: 4 day Sex: F Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21867364/
Diarrhea	grade 3-4, 17%	8000 mg/m2 multiple, intravenous MTD Dose: 8000 mg/m2 Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 8000 mg/m2 Co-administed with:: 5-fluorouracil(500 mg/m2) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9261522/	unhealthy, adult n = 29 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: metastatic colorectal cancer Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Population Size: 29 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9261522/
Cardiac arrhythmia	grade 5, 1 patient Disc. AE	8000 mg/m2 multiple, intravenous MTD Dose: 8000 mg/m2 Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 8000 mg/m2 Co-administed with:: 5-fluorouracil(500 mg/m2) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9261522/	unhealthy, adult n = 29 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: metastatic colorectal cancer Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Population Size: 29 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9261522/
Nystagmus	1 patient Disc. AE	40 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 40 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 40 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2563536/	unhealthy, adult n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2563536/
Anemia	1%	500 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, adult n = 453 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Population Size: 453 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Vomiting	17%	500 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, adult n = 453 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Population Size: 453 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Granulocytopenia	2%	500 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, adult n = 453 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Population Size: 453 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Anorexia	20%	500 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, adult n = 453 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Population Size: 453 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Nausea	51%	500 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, adult n = 453 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Population Size: 453 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Malaise	53%	500 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, adult n = 453 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Population Size: 453 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Constipation	6%	500 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, adult n = 453 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Population Size: 453 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Headache	63%	500 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, adult n = 453 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Population Size: 453 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Asthenia	9%	500 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 500 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, adult n = 453 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Population Size: 453 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Thrombocytopenia	1%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: EPIVIR(4 mg/kg twice daily) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children n = 236 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: children Sex: unknown Population Size: 236 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Hepatomegaly	11%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: EPIVIR(4 mg/kg twice daily) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children n = 236 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: children Sex: unknown Population Size: 236 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Skin rash	12%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: EPIVIR(4 mg/kg twice daily) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children n = 236 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: children Sex: unknown Population Size: 236 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Cough	15%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: EPIVIR(4 mg/kg twice daily) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children n = 236 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: children Sex: unknown Population Size: 236 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Fever	25%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: EPIVIR(4 mg/kg twice daily) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children n = 236 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: children Sex: unknown Population Size: 236 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Lipase	3%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: EPIVIR(4 mg/kg twice daily) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children n = 236 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: children Sex: unknown Population Size: 236 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Splenomegaly	5%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: EPIVIR(4 mg/kg twice daily) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children n = 236 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: children Sex: unknown Population Size: 236 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Stomatitis	6%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: EPIVIR(4 mg/kg twice daily) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children n = 236 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: children Sex: unknown Population Size: 236 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Breath sounds abnormal	7%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: EPIVIR(4 mg/kg twice daily) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children n = 236 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: children Sex: unknown Population Size: 236 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Ear disorders NEC	7%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: EPIVIR(4 mg/kg twice daily) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children n = 236 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: children Sex: unknown Population Size: 236 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Congestion nasal	8%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: EPIVIR(4 mg/kg twice daily) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children n = 236 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: children Sex: unknown Population Size: 236 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Diarrhea	8%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: EPIVIR(4 mg/kg twice daily) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children n = 236 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: children Sex: unknown Population Size: 236 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Nausea and vomiting	8%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: EPIVIR(4 mg/kg twice daily) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children n = 236 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: children Sex: unknown Population Size: 236 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Neutropenia	8%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: EPIVIR(4 mg/kg twice daily) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children n = 236 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: children Sex: unknown Population Size: 236 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
Lymphadenopathy	9%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: EPIVIR(4 mg/kg twice daily) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children n = 236 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: children Sex: unknown Population Size: 236 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf
ALT	grade 3, 1%	160 mg/m2 3 times / day steady, oral Recommended Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 160 mg/m2, 3 times / day Co-administed with:: EPIVIR(4 mg/kg twice daily) Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf	unhealthy, children n = 236 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: HIV-1 Age Group: children Sex: unknown Population Size: 236 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf

Details

SMILES

InChI

DescriptionSources: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00495Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf

CNS Activity

Originator

Approval Year

Targets

Conditions

Approved Use

Launch Date

Cmax

AUC

T1/2

Funbound

Doses

AEs

Overview

OverviewOther

Drug as perpetrator​

Drug as victim

Tox targets

Sourcing

PubMed

Patents

Sample Use Guides

Description
Sources: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00495
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019910s033lbl.pdf

C_max

T_1/2

F_unbound

Drug as perpetrator