Male ddy mice were used. The test drug (alpha-truxillic acid (40mg/kg)) was prepared as suspensions with 0.5% Tween 80/saline and intraperitoneally administered 10 min prior to the injection of an inducer (1% formalin/saline, 20l). The mice were observed for 30 min and the time that the mice spent licking the injected right hindpaw was recorded. The nociceptive scores normally peaked 0 to 10min after formalin injection (early phase) and 10 to 30min (late phase) after the injection, representing the neurogenic and inflammatory pain responses, respectively. The time spent licking the injected paw was recorded and the data were expressed as total licking time in the early phase and late phase.

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