U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS
This repository is under review for potential modification in compliance with Administration directives.

Details

Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula C16H13N2O6P.2Na
Molecular Weight 406.2375
Optical Activity NONE
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of FOSPHENYTOIN SODIUM

SMILES

[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OCN1C(=O)NC(C1=O)(C2=CC=CC=C2)C3=CC=CC=C3

InChI

InChIKey=GQPXYJNXTAFDLT-UHFFFAOYSA-L
InChI=1S/C16H15N2O6P.2Na/c19-14-16(12-7-3-1-4-8-12,13-9-5-2-6-10-13)17-15(20)18(14)11-24-25(21,22)23;;/h1-10H,11H2,(H,17,20)(H2,21,22,23);;/q;2*+1/p-2

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula Na
Molecular Weight 22.98976928
Charge 1
Count
Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity NONE

Molecular Formula C16H13N2O6P
Molecular Weight 360.258
Charge -2
Count
Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity NONE

Description
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/020450s020lbl.pdf

Phenytoin is an anti-epileptic drug. Phenytoin has been used with much clinical success against all types of epileptiform seizures, except petit mal epilepsy. Phenytoin is a available for oral administration (tablets, capsules, suspension). CEREBYX® (fosphenytoin sodium injection) is a prodrug intended for parenteral administration; its active metabolite is phenytoin. CEREBYX should be used only when oral phenytoin administration is not possible. Although several potential targets for phenytoin action have been identified within the CNS (Na-K-ATPase, the GABAA receptor complex, ionotropic glutamate receptors, calcium channels and sigma binding sites) to date, though, the best evidence hinges on the inhibition of voltage-sensitive Na channels in the plasma membrane of neurons undergoing seizure activity.

Approval Year

TargetsConditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Primary
DILANTIN-125

Approved Use

Dilantin (phenytoin) is indicated for the control of tonic-clonic (grand mal) and psychomotor (temporal lobe) seizures

Launch Date

1953
Primary
CEREBYX

Approved Use

CEREBYX is indicated for the control of generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus and prevention and treatment of seizures occurring during neurosurgery. CEREBYX can also be substituted, short-term, for oral phenytoin. CEREBYX should be used only when oral phenytoin administration is not possible. CEREBYX must not be given orally.

Launch Date

1996
Cmax

Cmax

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
1.176 μg/mL
100 mg single, oral
dose: 100 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
PHENYTOIN plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: MALE
food status: FASTED
AUC

AUC

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
32.172 μg × h/mL
100 mg single, oral
dose: 100 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
PHENYTOIN plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: MALE
food status: FASTED
T1/2

T1/2

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
15.49 h
100 mg single, oral
dose: 100 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
PHENYTOIN plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: MALE
food status: FASTED
Doses

Doses

DosePopulationAdverse events​
600 mg single, oral
Highest studied dose
unhealthy, 31 years
20 g single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 20 g
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 20 g
Sources:
unhealthy, 41 years
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 41 years
Sex: F
Sources:
Other AEs: Sinus bradycardia, Hypotension...
Other AEs:
Sinus bradycardia (1 patient)
Hypotension (severe, 1 patient)
Sources:
5 g single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 5 g
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 5 g
Sources:
unhealthy, 49 years
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 49 years
Sex: M
Sources:
Other AEs: Acute respiratory failure...
Other AEs:
Acute respiratory failure (1 patient)
Sources:
60 mg/kg multiple, intravenous
Overdose
Dose: 60 mg/kg
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 60 mg/kg
Sources:
unhealthy, 7 years
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 7 years
Sex: M
Sources:
Other AEs: Encephalopathy...
Other AEs:
Encephalopathy (1 patient)
Sources:
2 g single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 2 g
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 2 g
Sources:
unhealthy, adult
Other AEs: Nystagmus, Ataxia...
Other AEs:
Nystagmus (grade 5)
Ataxia (grade 5)
Dysarthria (grade 5)
Tremor (grade 5)
Hyperreflexia (grade 5)
Lethargy (grade 5)
Slurred speech (grade 5)
Blurred vision (grade 5)
Nausea (grade 5)
Vomiting (grade 5)
Sources:
10 mg/kg single, intramuscular
Dose: 10 mg/kg
Route: intramuscular
Route: single
Dose: 10 mg/kg
Sources:
unhealthy, adult
Other AEs: Hypotension, Cardiac arrhythmias...
Other AEs:
Hypotension (severe)
Cardiac arrhythmias
Sources:
10 mg/kg single, intravenous
Dose: 10 mg/kg
Route: intravenous
Route: single
Dose: 10 mg/kg
Sources:
unhealthy, adult
Other AEs: Hypotension, Cardiac arrhythmias...
Other AEs:
Hypotension (severe)
Cardiac arrhythmias
Sources:
AEs

AEs

AESignificanceDosePopulation
Sinus bradycardia 1 patient
20 g single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 20 g
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 20 g
Sources:
unhealthy, 41 years
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 41 years
Sex: F
Sources:
Hypotension severe, 1 patient
20 g single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 20 g
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 20 g
Sources:
unhealthy, 41 years
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 41 years
Sex: F
Sources:
Acute respiratory failure 1 patient
5 g single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 5 g
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 5 g
Sources:
unhealthy, 49 years
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 49 years
Sex: M
Sources:
Encephalopathy 1 patient
60 mg/kg multiple, intravenous
Overdose
Dose: 60 mg/kg
Route: intravenous
Route: multiple
Dose: 60 mg/kg
Sources:
unhealthy, 7 years
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 7 years
Sex: M
Sources:
Ataxia grade 5
2 g single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 2 g
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 2 g
Sources:
unhealthy, adult
Blurred vision grade 5
2 g single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 2 g
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 2 g
Sources:
unhealthy, adult
Dysarthria grade 5
2 g single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 2 g
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 2 g
Sources:
unhealthy, adult
Hyperreflexia grade 5
2 g single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 2 g
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 2 g
Sources:
unhealthy, adult
Lethargy grade 5
2 g single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 2 g
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 2 g
Sources:
unhealthy, adult
Nausea grade 5
2 g single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 2 g
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 2 g
Sources:
unhealthy, adult
Nystagmus grade 5
2 g single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 2 g
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 2 g
Sources:
unhealthy, adult
Slurred speech grade 5
2 g single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 2 g
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 2 g
Sources:
unhealthy, adult
Tremor grade 5
2 g single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 2 g
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 2 g
Sources:
unhealthy, adult
Vomiting grade 5
2 g single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 2 g
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 2 g
Sources:
unhealthy, adult
Cardiac arrhythmias
10 mg/kg single, intramuscular
Dose: 10 mg/kg
Route: intramuscular
Route: single
Dose: 10 mg/kg
Sources:
unhealthy, adult
Hypotension severe
10 mg/kg single, intramuscular
Dose: 10 mg/kg
Route: intramuscular
Route: single
Dose: 10 mg/kg
Sources:
unhealthy, adult
Cardiac arrhythmias
10 mg/kg single, intravenous
Dose: 10 mg/kg
Route: intravenous
Route: single
Dose: 10 mg/kg
Sources:
unhealthy, adult
Hypotension severe
10 mg/kg single, intravenous
Dose: 10 mg/kg
Route: intravenous
Route: single
Dose: 10 mg/kg
Sources:
unhealthy, adult
OverviewDrug as perpetrator​

Drug as perpetrator​

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
no
no
weak
yes [IC50 145 uM]
yes [IC50 280 uM]
yes [IC50 607 uM]
yes
yes
likely (co-administration study)
Comment: See https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/084427s042lbl.pdf#page=10
yes
likely (co-administration study)
Comment: See https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/084427s042lbl.pdf#page=10
yes
likely (co-administration study)
Comment: See https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/084427s042lbl.pdf#page=11
Page: 46.0
yes
likely (co-administration study)
Comment: See https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/084427s042lbl.pdf#page=9
yes
likely (co-administration study)
Comment: See https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/084427s042lbl.pdf#page=11
yes
yes (co-administration study)
Comment: mean AUC(0-24) of losartan was insignificantly increased by 17% when losartan was coadministered with phenytoin. See more on https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/084427s042lbl.pdf#page=9
Drug as victim

Drug as victim

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
no
yes
yes
yes
likely (co-administration study)
Comment: See https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/084427s042lbl.pdf#page=9
yes
yes (co-administration study)
Comment: Coadministration of losartan had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin. See more on https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/084427s042lbl.pdf#page8
Page: 8.0
Tox targets

Tox targets

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
The influence of aldosterone and anticonvulsant drugs on electroencephalographic and clinical disturbances induced by the spirolactone derivative, potassium canrenoate.
1975 Jan
Procainamide and phenytoin. Comparative study of their antiarrhythmic effects at apparent therapeutic plasma levels.
1975 Jul
Spasticity due to phenytoin toxicity.
1979 Mar 10
[Residual cerebellar ataxia following acute phenytoin intoxication].
1999 Apr
Expression and inducibility of the human bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A1 in liver and cultured primary hepatocytes: evidence for both genetic and environmental influences.
1999 Aug
Ephedrine-induced complete atrioventricular block with ventricular asystole during rapid concomitant phenytoin infusion: a case report.
1999 Mar
Retro-peritoneal cystic lymphangioma in association with fetal hydantoin syndrome.
1999 Mar-Apr
Side effects and mortality associated with use of phenytoin for early posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis.
1999 Oct
Fetal anticonvulsant syndrome and mutation in the maternal MTHFR gene.
1999 Sep
[Acute liver failure by diphenylhydantoin].
2000
Protection from phenytoin-induced cognitive deficit by Bacopa monniera, a reputed Indian nootropic plant.
2000 Aug
Phenytoin, midazolam, and naloxone protect against fentanyl-induced brain damage in rats.
2000 Dec
An embryoprotective role for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in developmental oxidative stress and chemical teratogenesis.
2000 Jan
Phenytoin poisoning after using Chinese proprietary medicines.
2000 Jul
Refractory idiopathic absence status epilepticus: A probable paradoxical effect of phenytoin and carbamazepine.
2000 Jul
Incidence of intravenous site reactions in neurotrauma patients receiving valproate or phenytoin.
2000 Jun
Catalytic activity of three variants (Ile, Leu, and Thr) at amino acid residue 359 in human CYP2C9 gene and simultaneous detection using single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis.
2000 Jun
Seizure-inducing paradoxical reaction to antiepileptic drugs.
2000 Jun
Gabapentin prophylaxis of clozapine-induced seizures.
2000 Mar
Purple glove syndrome caused by oral administration of phenytoin.
2000 Nov
Effects of combined administration of zonisamide and valproic acid or phenytoin to nitric oxide production, monoamines and zonisamide concentrations in the brain of seizure-susceptible EL mice.
2000 Sep 15
II. An altered proliferation response due to the anticonvulsant phenytoin (PHT) in epileptic patients.
2001
Evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of sodium channel blockers after spinal cord injury: improved behavioral and neuroanatomical recovery with riluzole.
2001 Apr
Performance characteristics of four free phenytoin immunoassays.
2001 Apr
Rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade is affected by chronic phenytoin therapy.
2001 Apr
Stereoselective determination of p-hydroxyphenyl-phenylhydantoin enantiomers in rat liver microsomal incubates by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using beta-cyclodextrin as chiral mobile phase additives.
2001 Apr
Inhibition of phenytoin hydroxylation in human liver microsomes by several selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors.
2001 Apr
The teratogenicity of anticonvulsant drugs.
2001 Apr 12
Nitroso-urea-cisplatin-based chemotherapy associated with valproate: increase of haematologic toxicity.
2001 Feb
Determination of the antiepileptics vigabatrin and gabapentin in dosage forms and biological fluids using Hantzsch reaction.
2001 Feb
Refractory idiopathic status epilepticus.
2001 Feb
Cardiac arrest after fast intravenous infusion of phenytoin mistaken for fosphenytoin.
2001 Feb
Antiepileptic drug withdrawal in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy undergoing presurgical video-EEG monitoring.
2001 Feb
Fosphenytoin: pharmacokinetics and tolerance of intramuscular loading doses.
2001 Feb
Glutamate receptor antagonists differentially affect the protective activity of conventional antiepileptics against amygdala-kindled seizures in rats.
2001 Feb
The effects of concomitant phenytoin administration on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of quetiapine.
2001 Feb
Possible function of astrocyte cytochrome P450 in control of xenobiotic phenytoin in the brain: in vitro studies on murine astrocyte primary cultures.
2001 Feb
[Maintenance dose requirement for phenytoin is lowered in genetically impaired drug metabolism independent of concommitant use of other antiepileptics].
2001 Feb 17
[Febrile convulsions, Treatment and prognosis].
2001 Feb 19
Interferon-alpha2a and 13-cis-retinoic acid with radiation treatment for high-grade glioma.
2001 Jan
Effects of phenytoin on glutathione status and oxidative stress biomarker gene mRNA levels in cultured precision human liver slices.
2001 Jan
N6-cyclohexyladenosine and 3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)-1-propenyl-1-phosphonic acid enhance the effect of antiepileptic drugs against induced seizures in mice.
2001 Jan-Apr
Volume-selective proton MR spectroscopy for in-vitro quantification of anticonvulsants.
2001 Mar
Fosphenytoin in infants of extremely low birth weight.
2001 Mar
Interaction of plasma proteins with cytochromes P450 mediated metabolic reactions: inhibition by human serum albumin and alpha-globulins of the debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation (CYP2D) in liver microsomes of human, hamster and rat.
2001 Mar 8
Efficacy of levetiracetam versus fosphenytoin for the recurrence of seizures after status epilepticus.
2017 Jun
Patents

Sample Use Guides

Dilantin-125® (Phenytoin Oral Suspension, USP), each 5 ml of suspension contains 125 mg of phenytoin: Patients who have received no previous treatment may be started on one teaspoonful (5 mL) of Dilantin-125 Suspension three times daily, and the dose is then adjusted to suit individual requirements. An increase to five teaspoonfuls daily may be made, if necessary. CEREBYX® (fosphenytoin sodium injection) is a prodrug intended for parenteral administration; its active metabolite is phenytoin. 1.5 mg of fosphenytoin sodium is equivalent to 1 mg phenytoin sodium, and is referred to as 1 mg phenytoin sodium equivalents (PE). CEREBYX should be used only when oral phenytoin administration is not possible. Dosage (Status Epilepticus): The loading dose of CEREBYX is 15 to 20 mg PE/kg administered at 100 to 150 mg PE/min.
Route of Administration: Other
Exposure of human adult keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) for 48 h to alkyd nanoemulsions producing phenytoin concentrations of 3.125-200 μg/mL resulted in relative cell viability readings using tetrazolium dye 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide of 100% confirming nontoxicity and suggesting cell proliferation activity.
Substance Class Chemical
Created
by admin
on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025
Edited
by admin
on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025
Record UNII
7VLR55452Z
Record Status Validated (UNII)
Record Version
  • Download
Name Type Language
FOSPHENYTOIN SODIUM
MART.   ORANGE BOOK   USAN   USP   USP-RS   VANDF   WHO-DD  
USAN  
Official Name English
CEREBYX
Preferred Name English
PRO-EPANUTIN
Brand Name English
FOSPHENYTOIN DISODIUM SALT [MI]
Common Name English
CI 982
Code English
ACC-9653-010 (SODIUM SALT)
Code English
FOSPHENYTOIN SODIUM [VANDF]
Common Name English
Fosphenytoin sodium [WHO-DD]
Common Name English
CI-982
Code English
FOSPHENYTOIN SODIUM [USP IMPURITY]
Common Name English
FOSPHENYTOIN SODIUM [ORANGE BOOK]
Common Name English
FOSPHENYTOIN SODIUM [USAN]
Common Name English
FOSPHENYTOIN SODIUM [USP MONOGRAPH]
Common Name English
FOSPHENYTOIN SODIUM [MART.]
Common Name English
2,4-IMIDAZOLIDINEDIONE, 5,5-DIPHENYL-3-((PHOSPHONOOXY)METHYL)-, DISODIUM SALT
Common Name English
FOSPHENYTOIN SODIUM [USP-RS]
Common Name English
3-(Hydroxymethyl)-5,5-diphenylhydantoin, disodium phosphate (ester)
Common Name English
Classification Tree Code System Code
NCI_THESAURUS C264
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025
Code System Code Type Description
FDA UNII
7VLR55452Z
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
RXCUI
82806
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025
PRIMARY RxNorm
PUBCHEM
56338
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
DAILYMED
7VLR55452Z
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
EVMPD
SUB13919MIG
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
RS_ITEM_NUM
1286366
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
SMS_ID
100000089993
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
USAN
AA-110
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
CAS
92134-98-0
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
DRUG BANK
DBSALT000296
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
EPA CompTox
DTXSID1044271
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1201336
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
MERCK INDEX
m5555
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025
PRIMARY Merck Index
NCI_THESAURUS
C47543
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:46:23 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
Related Record Type Details
SOLVATE->ANHYDROUS
PARENT -> SALT/SOLVATE
Related Record Type Details
IMPURITY -> PARENT
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
USP
Related Record Type Details
ACTIVE MOIETY