QUININE HYDROCHLORIDE

First marketed in 1921

Details

Stereochemistry	ABSOLUTE
Molecular Formula	C20H24N2O2.ClH.2H2O
Molecular Weight	396.908
Optical Activity	UNSPECIFIED
Defined Stereocenters	5 / 5
E/Z Centers	0
Charge	0

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

O.O.Cl.[H][C@]1(C[C@@H]2CC[N@]1C[C@@H]2C=C)[C@H](O)C3=C4C=C(OC)C=CC4=NC=C3

InChI

InChIKey=MPQKYZPYCSTMEI-FLZPLBAKSA-N

InChI=1S/C20H24N2O2.ClH.2H2O/c1-3-13-12-22-9-7-14(13)10-19(22)20(23)16-6-8-21-18-5-4-15(24-2)11-17(16)18;;;/h3-6,8,11,13-14,19-20,23H,1,7,9-10,12H2,2H3;1H;2*1H2/t13-,14-,19-,20+;;;/m0.../s1

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula	H2O
Molecular Weight	18.0153
Charge	0
Count

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	NONE

Molecular Formula	ClH
Molecular Weight	36.461
Charge	0
Count

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	NONE

Molecular Formula	C20H24N2O2
Molecular Weight	324.4168
Charge	0
Count

Stereochemistry	ABSOLUTE
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	4 / 4
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	UNSPECIFIED

Description
Sources: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jps.3080010617http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021799s024lbl.pdf
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForHealthProfessionals/LearningActivities/UCM317816.pdf

QUALAQUIN (quinine sulfate) is an antimalarial drug indicated only for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. It’s an alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine sulfate has been shown to be effective in geographical regions where resistance to chloroquine has been documented. Quinine inhibits nucleic acid synthesis, protein synthesis, and glycolysis in Plasmodium falciparum and can bind with hemazoin in parasitized erythrocytes. However, the precise mechanism of the antimalarial activity of quinine sulfate is not completely understood. It is thought to act by inhibiting heme polymerase, thereby allowing accumulation of its cytotoxic substrate, heme. As a schizonticidal drug, it is less effective and more toxic than chloroquine. Quinine is FDA-approved. It is not considered safe and effective for the treatment or prevention of leg cramps-- an "off-label" (non-FDA-approved) use. Quinine is associated with serious and life-threatening adverse events, including: thrombocytopenia, hypersensitivity reactions, and QT prolongation. Thrombocytopenia associated with the use of quinine for the treatment or prevention of leg cramps includes: immune thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytepenic purpura with associated renal insufficiency.

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Condition	Potency
Ferriprotoporphyrin IX 43 Target ID: CHEMBL613897 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14967191	Antagonist 2778

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Targets	Highest Phase	Product
Plasmodium falciparum malaria 63 Sources: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021799s024lbl.pdf	Curative		Approved 8429	QUALAQUIN Approved Use is a cinchona alkaloid indicated for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria Launch Date 2005

C_max

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
3.2 μg/mL DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/021799s029lbl.pdf	8.7 mg/kg single, oral dose: 8.7 mg/kg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:		QUININE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: UNKNOWN

AUC

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
28 μg × h/mL DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/021799s029lbl.pdf	8.7 mg/kg single, oral dose: 8.7 mg/kg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:		QUININE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: UNKNOWN

T_1/2

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
12.5 h DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/021799s029lbl.pdf	8.7 mg/kg single, oral dose: 8.7 mg/kg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:		QUININE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: UNKNOWN

F_unbound

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
8% DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/021799s029lbl.pdf	8.7 mg/kg single, oral dose: 8.7 mg/kg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:		QUININE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: UNKNOWN

Doses

Dose	Population	Adverse events
5 g single, oral Dose: 5 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 5 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2566088	unhealthy, 17 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 17 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2566088	Other AEs: Respiratory distress... Other AEs: Respiratory distress (grade 5, 1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2566088
1.8 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 1.8 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 1.8 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28778932	unhealthy, 46 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 46 years Sex: F Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28778932	Other AEs: Hearing loss... Other AEs: Hearing loss (1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28778932
16250 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 16250 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 16250 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8340583	unhealthy, 49 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 49 years Sex: F Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8340583	Other AEs: Cardiotoxicity... Other AEs: Cardiotoxicity (1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8340583
9.75 g single, oral Dose: 9.75 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 9.75 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14640479	unhealthy, adult n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14640479	Other AEs: Tachycardia... Other AEs: Tachycardia (grade 5) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14640479

AEs

AE	Significance	Dose	Population
Respiratory distress	grade 5, 1 patient	5 g single, oral Dose: 5 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 5 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2566088	unhealthy, 17 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 17 years Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2566088
Hearing loss	1 patient	1.8 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 1.8 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 1.8 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28778932	unhealthy, 46 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 46 years Sex: F Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28778932
Cardiotoxicity	1 patient	16250 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 16250 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 16250 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8340583	unhealthy, 49 years n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 49 years Sex: F Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8340583
Tachycardia	grade 5	9.75 g single, oral Dose: 9.75 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 9.75 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14640479	unhealthy, adult n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14640479

Sourcing

Vendor/Aggregator	ID	URL
ChEBI	CHEBI:15854	https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:15854
MolPort	MolPort-000-146-082	https://www.molport.com/shop/molecule-link/MolPort-000-146-082
ZINC	ZINC000003831404	http://zinc15.docking.org/substances/ZINC000003831404
eMolecules	29549573	https://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/more?vid=29549573
eMolecules	30151887	https://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/more?vid=30151887
eMolecules	6843708	https://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/more?vid=6843708

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
Drug-induced thrombotic microangiopathy: incidence, prevention and management.	2001	11444722
Quinine-induced alterations of electrically evoked otoacoustic emissions and cochlear potentials in guinea pigs.	2001 Apr	11423223
Cell volume-induced changes in K+ transport across the rat colon.	2001 Apr	11421860
HPTLC method for the estimation of alkaloids of Cinchona officinalis stem bark and its marketed formulations.	2001 Apr	11345710
Muscimol infusions in the brain stem reticular formation reversibly block ingestion in the awake rat.	2001 Apr	11247831
The first stereoselective total synthesis of quinine.	2001 Apr 11	11457058
Role of parabrachial nucleus in submandibular salivary secretion induced by bitter taste stimulation in rats.	2001 Apr 12	11474548
Simultaneous determination of quinine and four metabolites in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography.	2001 Apr 15	11318427
[Plasmodium vivax: therapy update].	2001 Apr 21	11360746
Ferrocene-chloroquine analogues as antimalarial agents: in vitro activity of ferrochloroquine against 103 Gabonese isolates of Plasmodium falciparum.	2001 Aug	11481286
Role of quinine-sensitive ion channels in volume regulation in boar and bull spermatozoa.	2001 Aug	11467984
Determination of cisapride in pharmaceutical preparations using derivative spectrophotometry.	2001 Feb	11272323
In vitro antiplasmodial activity of 4-phenylcoumarins from Exostema mexicanum.	2001 Feb	11270733
Delayed quinine toxicity mimicking open angle glaucoma.	2001 Feb	11225580
Stereocontrolled conversion of quinine into 10(R),11-dihydroxydihydroquinine via the sharpless osmylation process.	2001 Feb 23	11312991
Ethanol perception and ingestion.	2001 Jan	11240000
Characterization of an intense bitter-tasting 1H,4H-quinolizinium-7-olate by application of the taste dilution analysis, a novel bioassay for the screening and identification of taste-active compounds in foods.	2001 Jan	11170582
Cellular responses of NG108-15 and SK-N-MC lines to sweet and bitter tastants as measured by extracellular acidification rates.	2001 Jan 1	11169615
The applicability of rat and human liver slices to the study of mechanisms of hepatic drug uptake.	2001 Jan-Feb	11489665
[Effect of antibodies against S100 proteins on neural plasticity in sensitized and naive snails].	2001 Jan-Feb	11253403
Changing epidemiological and clinical aspects of imported malaria in Belgium.	2001 Jan-Feb	11182605
Effectiveness of short-course quinine and single-dose sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa.	2001 Jul	11544977
Covariation in individuals' sensitivities to bitter compounds: evidence supporting multiple receptor/transduction mechanisms.	2001 Jul	11521845
Apoptosis induced by doxorubicin and cinchonine in P388 multidrug-resistant cells.	2001 Jul	11480538
Simultaneous determination of etoposide and its catechol metabolite in the plasma of pediatric patients by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.	2001 Jul	11473400
Sapid solutions and food intake in repeated dehydration and rehydration periods in rats.	2001 Jul	11445828
Distribution of gustatory sensitivities in rat taste cells: whole-cell responses to apical chemical stimulation.	2001 Jul 1	11425921
A comparison of the in vivo kinetics of Plasmodium falciparum ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen-positive and -negative erythrocytes.	2001 Jul 15	11435316
The effect of laser assisted uvulopalatoplasty on the sense of smell and taste.	2001 Jun	11486433
Influence of quinine on catecholamine release evoked by cholinergic stimulation and membrane depolarization from the rat adrenal gland.	2001 Jun	11440085
Therapeutic efficacy of sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine and susceptibility in vitro of P. falciparum isolates to sulphadoxine-pyremethamine and other antimalarial drugs in Malawian children.	2001 Jun	11422956
Transfusion-transmitted babesiosis in Ontario: first reported case in Canada.	2001 Jun 12	11450217
Effects of hydroxypyridinone iron chelators in combination with antimalarial drugs on the in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum.	2001 Mar	11485097
Capillary electrophoretic separation, immunochemical recognition and analysis of the diastereomers quinine and quinidine and two quinidine metabolites in body fluids.	2001 Mar	11248471
[Treatment of acute malaria with quinine in a non-immunized patient: rationale for a 7-day regimen].	2001 Mar 17	11307490
Genomic and functional characteristics of novel human pancreatic 2P domain K(+) channels.	2001 Mar 23	11263999
Characterization of TASK-4, a novel member of the pH-sensitive, two-pore domain potassium channel family.	2001 Mar 9	11248242
Oral quinine pharmacokinetics and dietary salt intake.	2001 May	11417441
Effect of compound sequence on bitterness enhancement.	2001 May	11369676
Interaction of gustatory and lingual somatosensory perceptions at the cortical level in the human: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.	2001 May	11369672
Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel (Na+,K+)/H+ exchanger localized to the trans-Golgi network.	2001 May 18	11279194
Evaluation of the contribution to enantioselectivity of quinine and quinidine scaffolds in chemically and physically mixed chiral selectors.	2001 May 5	11284022
A clinical and pharmacokinetic trial of six doses of artemether-lumefantrine for multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Thailand.	2001 May-Jun	11463111
Effects of the ion-channel blocker quinine on human sperm volume, kinematics and mucus penetration, and the involvement of potassium channels.	2001 Sep	11517288
Is multiple sclerosis caused by a silent infection with malarial parasites? A historico-epidemiological approach: part II.	2001 Sep	11516219
Volume-activated trimethylamine oxide efflux in red blood cells of spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias).	2001 Sep	11506995
Septic shock due to babesiosis.	2001 Sep 1	11477535
Optochin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: mechanism, significance, and clinical implications.	2001 Sep 1	11474432
HPLC of basic drugs on microparticulate strong cation-exchange materials - a review.	2001 Sep 15	11516893
Properties and regulation of organic cation transport in freshly isolated human proximal tubules.	2001 Sep 7	11447227

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

in adults: 648 mg (two capsules) every 8 hours for 7 days

Route of Administration: Oral

In Vitro Use Guide

Quinine (0-100 uM) stimulates adipogenesis through ERK/S6 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase/Ribosomal protein S6) signaling, which at least partly functions via taste receptor, type 2, member 106 (T2R106)

Substance Class	Chemical Created by `admin` on `Fri Dec 15 15:13:31 GMT 2023` Edited by `admin` on `Fri Dec 15 15:13:31 GMT 2023`
Record UNII	711S8Y0T33
Record Status	`Validated (UNII)`
Record Version

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Name

Type

Language

QUININE HYDROCHLORIDE

Common Name

English

QUININE HYDROCHLORIDE DIHYDRATE

Common Name

English

QUININE HYDROCHLORIDE [FCC]

Common Name

English

QUININI HYDROCHLORIDUM [WHO-IP LATIN]

Common Name

English

(8.ALPHA.,9R)-6'-METHOXYCINCHONAN-9-OL HYDROCHLORIDE DIHYDRATE

Common Name

English

QUININE HYDROCHLORIDE [EP MONOGRAPH]

Common Name

English

QUININE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE

Common Name

English

QUININE HYDROCHLORIDE DIHYDRATE [USP-RS]

Common Name

English

CHININUM MURIATICUM

Common Name

English

FEMA NO. 2976, DIHYDRATE-

Code

English

QUININE HYDROCHLORIDE HYDRATE [JAN]

Common Name

English

QUININE HCL

Common Name

English

QUININE HYDROCHLORIDE DIHYDRATE [MART.]

Common Name

English

QUININE HYDROCHLORIDE [MART.]

Common Name

English

QUININE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE DIHYDRATE

Common Name

English

QUININE HYDROCHLORIDE [WHO-IP]

Common Name

English

QUININE HYDROCHLORIDE HYDRATE

Common Name

English

QUININE HYDROCHLORIDE DIHYDRATE [MI]

Common Name

English

QUININE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE DIHYRATE

Common Name

English

Quinine hydrochloride dihydrate [WHO-DD]

Common Name

English

CHININUM MURIATICUM [HPUS]

Common Name

English

Classification Tree Code System Code

JECFA EVALUATION

QUININE HYDROCHLORIDE