Details
| Stereochemistry | RACEMIC |
| Molecular Formula | C11H16N2O3.Ca |
| Molecular Weight | 264.334 |
| Optical Activity | ( + / - ) |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 1 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[Ca++].CCCC(C)C1(CC)C([O-])=NC(=O)N=C1[O-]
InChI
InChIKey=AJZCPCVZCDQEFK-UHFFFAOYSA-L
InChI=1S/C11H18N2O3.Ca/c1-4-6-7(3)11(5-2)8(14)12-10(16)13-9(11)15;/h7H,4-6H2,1-3H3,(H2,12,13,14,15,16);/q;+2/p-2
| Molecular Formula | Ca |
| Molecular Weight | 40.078 |
| Charge | 2 |
| Count |
|
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Additional Stereochemistry | No |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Molecular Formula | C11H16N2O3 |
| Molecular Weight | 224.2563 |
| Charge | -2 |
| Count |
|
| Stereochemistry | RACEMIC |
| Additional Stereochemistry | No |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 1 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Optical Activity | ( + / - ) |
Pentobarbital belongs to the class of a short-acting barbiturate is used as sedatives, hypnotics, for the short-term treatment of insomnia, since they appear to lose their effectiveness for sleep induction and sleep maintenance after 2 weeks; preanesthetics and anticonvulsant, in anesthetic doses, in the emergency control of certain acute convulsive episodes, e.g., those associated with status epilepticus, cholera, eclampsia, meningitis, tetanus, and toxic reactions to strychnine or local anesthetics. Pentobarbital binds at a distinct binding site associated with a Cl- ionopore at the GABAA receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl- ionopore is open. The post-synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA in the thalamus is, therefore, prolonged. All of these effects are associated with marked decreases in GABA-sensitive neuronal calcium conductance (gCa). The net result of barbiturate action is acute potentiation of inhibitory GABAergic tone. Barbiturates also act through potent (if less well characterized) and direct inhibition of excitatory AMPA-type glutamate receptors, resulting in a profound suppression of glutamatergic neurotransmission.
Approval Year
Targets
| Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
|---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL2093872 |
Conditions
| Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | PENTOBARBITAL SODIUM Approved UseParenteral
a. Sedatives.
b. Hypnotics, for the short-term treatment of insomnia, since they appear to lose their effectiveness for sleep induction and sleep maintenance after 2 weeks.
c. Preanesthetics.
d. Anticonvulsant, in anesthetic doses, in the emergency control of certain acute convulsive episodes, e.g., those associated with status epilepticus, cholera, eclampsia, meningitis, tetanus, and toxic reactions to strychnine or local anesthetics. Launch Date2016 |
|||
| Primary | PENTOBARBITAL SODIUM Approved UseParenteral
a. Sedatives.
b. Hypnotics, for the short-term treatment of insomnia, since they appear to lose their effectiveness for sleep induction and sleep maintenance after 2 weeks.
c. Preanesthetics.
d. Anticonvulsant, in anesthetic doses, in the emergency control of certain acute convulsive episodes, e.g., those associated with status epilepticus, cholera, eclampsia, meningitis, tetanus, and toxic reactions to strychnine or local anesthetics. Launch Date2016 |
|||
| Primary | PENTOBARBITAL SODIUM Approved UseParenteral
a. Sedatives.
b. Hypnotics, for the short-term treatment of insomnia, since they appear to lose their effectiveness for sleep induction and sleep maintenance after 2 weeks.
c. Preanesthetics.
d. Anticonvulsant, in anesthetic doses, in the emergency control of certain acute convulsive episodes, e.g., those associated with status epilepticus, cholera, eclampsia, meningitis, tetanus, and toxic reactions to strychnine or local anesthetics. Launch Date2016 |
Cmax
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1.15 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7062221/ |
50 mg single, intravenous dose: 50 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
PENTOBARBITAL plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED |
AUC
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
8.2 μg × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7062221/ |
50 mg single, intravenous dose: 50 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
PENTOBARBITAL plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED |
T1/2
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
50 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7062221/ |
50 mg single, intravenous dose: 50 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
PENTOBARBITAL plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED |
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| The combined effect of halothane-induced hypotension and hypocapnia on canine myocardial blood-flow and oxygen consumption. | 1975 Aug |
|
| GABAA-receptor expressed from rat brain alpha- and beta-subunit cDNAs displays potentiation by benzodiazepine receptor ligands. | 1990 Aug |
|
| Functional characteristics and sites of gene expression of the alpha 1, beta 1, gamma 2-isoform of the rat GABAA receptor. | 1990 Jul |
|
| Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons express Fos protein during the proestrous surge of luteinizing hormone. | 1990 Jul |
|
| Ischemic induction of protooncogene expression in gerbil brain. | 1991 |
|
| The early acquisition of two-way (shuttle-box) avoidance as an anxiety-mediated behavior: psychopharmacological validation. | 1991 Jan |
|
| Ethanol sensitivity of the GABAA receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes requires 8 amino acids contained in the gamma 2L subunit. | 1991 Jul |
|
| Modulation of ornithine decarboxylase mRNA following transient ischemia in the gerbil brain. | 1991 Nov |
|
| Transient ischemia stimulates glial fibrillary acid protein and vimentin gene expression in the gerbil neocortex, striatum and hippocampus. | 1992 Apr |
|
| Amyloid precursor protein mRNA encoding the Kunitz protease inhibitor domain is increased by kainic acid-induced seizures in rat hippocampus. | 1992 Dec |
|
| Changes of [3H]muscimol binding and GABA(A) receptor beta2-subunit mRNA level by tolerance to and withdrawal from pentobarbital in rats. | 1999 Dec |
|
| GLUT1-deficiency: barbiturates potentiate haploinsufficiency in vitro. | 1999 Dec |
|
| Anticonvulsants for soman-induced seizure activity. | 1999 Mar-Apr |
|
| Treatment of pentobarbitol sodium (Nembutal) hyperactivity: a new approach. | 2000 Mar |
|
| Neurologic outcomes of pediatric epileptic patients with pentobarbital coma. | 2001 Sep |
|
| Inhibition of cardiac potassium currents by pentobarbital. | 2002 Jan |
|
| Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) downregulates the function of its receptor (CRF1) and induces CRF1 expression in hippocampal and cortical regions of the immature rat brain. | 2002 Jul |
|
| Inactivation of the hepatic cytochrome P450 system by conditional deletion of hepatic cytochrome P450 reductase. | 2003 Apr 11 |
|
| Liver-specific deletion of the NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase gene: impact on plasma cholesterol homeostasis and the function and regulation of microsomal cytochrome P450 and heme oxygenase. | 2003 Jul 11 |
|
| Myoclonus and urinary retention following subarachnoid morphine injection in a dog. | 2003 Oct |
|
| A single M1 residue in the beta2 subunit alters channel gating of GABAA receptor in anesthetic modulation and direct activation. | 2003 Oct 31 |
|
| Validation of a modified mirrored chamber sensitive to anxiolytics and anxiogenics in mice. | 2003 Sep |
|
| Pentobarbital-mediated regulation of alternative polyadenylation in Drosophila glutathione S-transferase D21 mRNAs. | 2004 Feb 6 |
|
| Discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol in mice lacking the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor delta subunit. | 2004 Jun |
|
| Monitoring expression of cytochrome P450 genes during postischemic rat liver reperfusion using DNA microarrays. | 2005 Jan |
|
| Abnormalities in uridine homeostatic regulation and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism as a consequence of the deletion of the uridine phosphorylase gene. | 2005 Jun 3 |
|
| Effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor epsilon1 subunit gene disruption of the action of general anesthetic drugs in mice. | 2005 Mar |
|
| [Effects of intravenous anesthetics on acidosis induced apoptosis in primary brain cell culture]. | 2007 Aug |
|
| The lack of CB1 receptors prevents neuroadapatations of both NMDA and GABA(A) receptors after chronic ethanol exposure. | 2007 Aug |
|
| Modulation of neuronal activity in CNS pain pathways following propofol administration in rats: Fos and EEG analysis. | 2007 May |
|
| The differential effect of cyclosporine on hypnotic response and pain reaction in mice. | 2007 Nov |
|
| Both orexin receptors are expressed in rat ovaries and fluctuate with the estrous cycle: effects of orexin receptor antagonists on gonadotropins and ovulation. | 2007 Oct |
|
| mRNA Decay analysis in Drosophila melanogaster drug-induced changes in glutathione S-transferase D21 mRNA stability. | 2008 |
|
| [Expression of mRNA for corticoliberin and vasopressin in hypothalamus and amygdala on the background of administration of psychoactive drugs in rats]. | 2008 Jul-Aug |
|
| Evaluation of atrial fibrillation induced during anesthesia with fentanyl and pentobarbital in German Shepherd Dogs with inherited arrhythmias. | 2008 Nov |
|
| The use of barbiturate coma as salvage therapy in a postoperative Jehovah's Witness patient with life-threatening anemia. | 2009 Dec |
|
| Anesthetic pentobarbital inhibits proliferation and migration of malignant glioma cells. | 2009 Sep 8 |
|
| Intestinal microbiota regulate xenobiotic metabolism in the liver. | 2009 Sep 9 |
|
| Regulation of cytochrome P450 expression in Drosophila: Genomic insights. | 2010 Jun 1 |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
Intramuscular Administration: IM injection of the sodium salts of barbiturates should be made deeply into a large muscle, and a volume of 5 mL should not be exceeded at any one site because of possible tissue irritation. After IM injection of a hypnotic dose, the patient's vital signs should be monitored. The usual adult dosage of Pentobarbital Sodium is 150 to 200 mg as a single IM injection; the recommended pediatric dosage ranges from 2 to 6 mg/kg as a single IM injection not to exceed 100 mg.
Intravenous Administration: Pentobarbital Sodium should not be admixed with any other medication or solution. IV injection is restricted to conditions in which other routes are not feasible, either because the patient is unconscious (as in cerebral hemorrhage, eclampsia, or status epilepticus), or because the patient resists (as in delirium), or because prompt action is imperative. Slow IV injection is essential, and patients should be carefully observed during administration. This requires that blood pressure, respiration, and cardiac function be maintained, vital signs be recorded, and equipment for resuscitation and artificial ventilation be available. The rate of IV injection should not exceed 50 mg/min for Pentobarbital Sodium. There is no average intravenous dose of Pentobarbital Sodium that can be relied on to produce similar effects in different patients. The possibility of overdose and respiratory depression is remote when the drug is injected slowly in fractional doses. A commonly used initial dose for the 70 kg adult is 100 mg. Proportional reduction in dosage should be made for pediatric or debilitated patients. At least one minute is necessary to determine the full effect of intravenous pentobarbital. If necessary, additional small increments of the drug may be given up to a total of from 200 to 500 mg for normal adults.
Route of Administration:
Other
It was studied the effects of pentobarbital on extracellular activity in ventrobasal thalamic slices. Pentobarbital at sedative-hypnotic concentration (20 microM) reversibly induced 1-15 Hz oscillations. Sustained oscillations required electrical stimulation of internal capsule, but not elevated temperature or low [Mg2+]. Anesthetic concentration (200 microM) of pentobarbital evoked only transient oscillations.
| Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
by
admin
on
Edited
Fri Dec 15 16:15:39 GMT 2023
by
admin
on
Fri Dec 15 16:15:39 GMT 2023
|
| Record UNII |
32I9YOC576
|
| Record Status |
Validated (UNII)
|
| Record Version |
|
-
Download
| Name | Type | Language | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Common Name | English | ||
|
Common Name | English | ||
|
Common Name | English |
| Code System | Code | Type | Description | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
92043538
Created by
admin on Fri Dec 15 16:15:39 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:15:39 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
32I9YOC576
Created by
admin on Fri Dec 15 16:15:39 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:15:39 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
3330-47-0
Created by
admin on Fri Dec 15 16:15:39 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 16:15:39 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY |
| Related Record | Type | Details | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
PARENT -> SALT/SOLVATE |
