Details
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Molecular Formula | 4Br.Ti |
| Molecular Weight | 367.483 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[Ti+4].[Br-].[Br-].[Br-].[Br-]
InChI
InChIKey=UBZYKBZMAMTNKW-UHFFFAOYSA-J
InChI=1S/4BrH.Ti/h4*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4
| Molecular Formula | Ti |
| Molecular Weight | 47.867 |
| Charge | 4 |
| Count |
|
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Additional Stereochemistry | No |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Molecular Formula | BrH |
| Molecular Weight | 80.912 |
| Charge | 0 |
| Count |
|
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Additional Stereochemistry | No |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
DescriptionCurator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503414
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503414
Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO
2. When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally it is sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of applications, from paint to sunscreen to food coloring. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171. World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million metric tons. Titanium dioxide has excellent ultraviolet (UV) resistant qualities and acts as a UV absorbent. In the pharmaceutical industry, titanium dioxide is used in most sunscreens to block UVA and UVB rays, similar to zinc oxide. It is also commonly used as pigment for pharmaceutical products such as gelatin capsules, tablet coatings and syrups. In the cosmetics industry, it is used in toothpaste, lipsticks, creams, ointments and powders. It can be used as an opacifier to make pigments opaque. The FDA has approved the safety of titanium dioxide for use as a colorant in food, drugs and cosmetics, including sunscreens. However, controversy exists as to the safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles used in the cosmetics industry, for example in sunscreens. Titanium and zinc oxides may be made into the nanoparticle size (0.2-100 nanometers) to reduce the white appearance when applied topically, but retain the UV blocking properties. Recent studies suggest titanium dioxide nanoparticles may be toxic, although further research is needed.
Approval Year
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Increased expression of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase in rat lungs after inhalation of inflammatory and fibrogenic minerals. | 1994 Mar |
|
| Titanium, chromium and cobalt ions modulate the release of bone-associated cytokines by human monocytes/macrophages in vitro. | 1996 Dec |
|
| Matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, -9 and tissue inhibitors TIMP-1, -2 expression and secretion by primary human osteoblast cells in response to titanium, zirconia, and alumina ceramics. | 2004 Jan 1 |
|
| Molecular and biomechanical characterization of mineralized tissue by dental pulp cells on titanium. | 2005 Jun |
|
| Chemokine gene activation in human bone marrow-derived osteoblasts following exposure to particulate wear debris. | 2006 Apr |
|
| Upregulation of LITAF mRNA expression upon exposure to TiAlV and polyethylene wear particles in THP-1 macrophages. | 2007 Apr |
|
| Reconsideration of serum Ti(IV) transport: albumin and transferrin trafficking of Ti(IV) and its complexes. | 2008 Feb 20 |
|
| Pulmonary exposure to particles during pregnancy causes increased neonatal asthma susceptibility. | 2008 Jan |
|
| Effects of ultrafine TiO2 particles on gene expression profile in human keratinocytes without illumination: involvement of extracellular matrix and cell adhesion. | 2009 Dec 15 |
|
| Differential binding of inorganic particles to MARCO. | 2009 Jan |
|
| Alumina ceramic particles, in comparison with titanium particles, hardly affect the expression of RANK-, TNF-alpha-, and OPG-mRNA in the THP-1 human monocytic cell line. | 2009 Jun |
|
| Ultrafine carbon particles down-regulate CYP1B1 expression in human monocytes. | 2009 Oct 16 |
|
| The effects of implant surface nanoscale features on osteoblast-specific gene expression. | 2009 Sep |
|
| Inhibitor of differentiation 1 (Id1) expression attenuates the degree of TiO2-induced cytotoxicity in H1299 non-small cell lung cancer cells. | 2009 Sep 28 |
|
| Influence of metals on cytokines production in connection with successful implantation therapy in dentistry. | 2010 |
|
| Engineered nanomaterials cause cytotoxicity and activation on mouse antigen presenting cells. | 2010 Jan 12 |
|
| Spleen injury and apoptotic pathway in mice caused by titanium dioxide nanoparticules. | 2010 Jun 2 |
|
| Titanium ion induces necrosis and sensitivity to lipopolysaccharide in gingival epithelial-like cells. | 2010 Oct |
|
| The effect of TiO(2) and Ag nanoparticles on reproduction and development of Drosophila melanogaster and CD-1 mice. | 2011 Dec 15 |
|
| Acute respiratory and systemic toxicity of pulmonary exposure to rutile Fe-doped TiO(2) nanorods. | 2011 Jan 11 |
|
| Titanium oxide shell coatings decrease the cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles. | 2011 Mar 21 |
|
| Safety evaluation of sunscreen formulations containing titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in UVB sunburned skin: an in vitro and in vivo study. | 2011 Sep |
|
| Distinct immunomodulatory effects of a panel of nanomaterials in human dermal fibroblasts. | 2012 May 5 |
|
| Four types of inorganic nanoparticles stimulate the inflammatory reaction in brain microglia and damage neurons in vitro. | 2012 Oct 17 |
|
| Nanosized TiO2-induced reproductive system dysfunction and its mechanism in female mice. | 2013 |
|
| TiO2, CeO2 and ZnO nanoparticles and modulation of the degranulation process in human neutrophils. | 2013 Jul 31 |
|
| Pulmonary instillation of low doses of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mice leads to particle retention and gene expression changes in the absence of inflammation. | 2013 Jun 15 |
|
| Improving cytocompatibility of Co28Cr6Mo by TiO2 coating: gene expression study in human endothelial cells. | 2013 Sep 6 |
|
| Effect of TiO₂ nanoparticles on the structure and activity of catalase. | 2014 Aug 5 |
|
| Genetic variation influences immune responses in sensitive rats following exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles. | 2014 Dec 4 |
|
| Titanium dioxide nanoparticles promote arrhythmias via a direct interaction with rat cardiac tissue. | 2014 Dec 9 |
|
| Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce migration and adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells and accelerate foam cell formation. | 2014 Jul 1 |
|
| Effect of glycyrrhizic acid on titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. | 2014 Sep 5 |
|
| Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on lead bioconcentration and toxicity on thyroid endocrine system and neuronal development in zebrafish larvae. | 2015 Apr |
|
| Oxidative and pro-inflammatory effects of cobalt and titanium oxide nanoparticles on aortic and venous endothelial cells. | 2015 Apr |
|
| Genome wide identification and expression profile in epithelial cells exposed to TiO₂ particles. | 2015 Mar |
|
| Silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles alter oxidative/inflammatory response and renin-angiotensin system in brain. | 2015 Nov |
|
| Cyto- and genotoxic effects of metallic nanoparticles in untransformed human fibroblast. | 2015 Oct |
|
| Titanium dioxide nanoparticles modulate the toxicological response to cadmium in the gills of Mytilus galloprovincialis. | 2015 Oct 30 |
Sample Use Guides
Apply evenly 15 minutes before sun exposure. Reapply as needed or after towel drying, swimming, or perspiring. Children under 6 months of age, ask a doctor.
Route of Administration:
Topical
For the in vitro studies, the stratum corneum side of the skin was in contact with either the aqueous or oily commercial dispersion of microfine TiO2 (150 μl/cm^2). The dermis side was placed onto a tissue of cellulose soaked with isotonic phosphate buffered saline (PBS) of pH 7.4. Twenty-four hours after application of the dispersion, the PBS was removed from the skin with a dry paper towel. For the in vivo studies, 2 μl cm−2 of the commercial dispersions and the different formulations were applied onto the ventral side of the forearm of a healthy female volunteer. After 45 min, any dispersion or formulation that had not penetrated the skin was also removed with a paper towel. All penetration tests were performed in triplicate.
| Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
by
admin
on
Edited
Sat Dec 16 04:19:10 GMT 2023
by
admin
on
Sat Dec 16 04:19:10 GMT 2023
|
| Record UNII |
1CBW950X1W
|
| Record Status |
Validated (UNII)
|
| Record Version |
|
-
Download
| Name | Type | Language | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Systematic Name | English | ||
|
Common Name | English |
| Code System | Code | Type | Description | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
232-185-0
Created by
admin on Sat Dec 16 04:19:10 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 16 04:19:10 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
1CBW950X1W
Created by
admin on Sat Dec 16 04:19:10 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 16 04:19:10 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
m10903
Created by
admin on Sat Dec 16 04:19:10 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 16 04:19:10 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY | Merck Index | ||
|
7789-68-6
Created by
admin on Sat Dec 16 04:19:10 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 16 04:19:10 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
123263
Created by
admin on Sat Dec 16 04:19:10 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 16 04:19:10 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
TITANIUM TETRABROMIDE
Created by
admin on Sat Dec 16 04:19:10 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 16 04:19:10 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
DTXSID90894990
Created by
admin on Sat Dec 16 04:19:10 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 16 04:19:10 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY |