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Description
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf9/P090031c.pdf | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17773757 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10903951 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19415575 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10903951 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16049255

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a high molecular weight biopolysacharide, discovered in 1934, by Karl Meyer and his assistant, John Palmer in the vitreous of bovine eyes. Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring biopolymer, which has important biological functions in bacteria and higher animals including humans. It is found in most connective tissues and is particularly concentrated in synovial fluid, the vitreous fluid of the eye, umbilical cords and chicken combs. It is naturally synthesized by a class of integral membrane proteins called hyaluronan synthases, and degraded by a family of enzymes called hyaluronidases. Hyaluronan synthase enzymes synthesize large, linear polymers of the repeating disaccharide structure of hyaluronan by alternating addition of glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine to the growing chain using their activated nucle¬otide sugars (UDP – glucuronic acid and UDP-N-acetlyglucosamine) as substrates. The number of repeat disaccharides in a completed hyaluronan molecule can reach 10 000 or more, a molecular mass of ~4 million daltons (each disaccharide is ~400 daltons). The average length of a disaccharide is ~1 nm. Thus, a hyaluronan molecule of 10 000 repeats could ex¬tend 10 μm if stretched from end to end, a length approximately equal to the diameter of a human erythrocyte. Although the predominant mechanism of HA is unknown, in vivo, in vitro, and clinical studies demonstrate various physiological effects of exogenous HA. Hyaluronic acid possesses a number of protective physiochemical functions that may provide some additional chondroprotective effects in vivo and may explain its longer term effects on articular cartilage. Hyaluronic acid can reduce nerve impulses and nerve sensitivity associated with pain. In experimental osteoarthritis, this glycosaminoglycan has protective effects on cartilage. Exogenous HA enhances chondrocyte HA and proteoglycan synthesis, reduces the production and activity of proinflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases, and alters the behavior of immune cells. In addition to its function as a passive structural molecule, hyaluronan also acts as a signaling molecule by interacting with cell surface receptors and regulating cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Hyaluronan is essential for embryogenesis and is likely also important in tumorigenesis. HA plays several important organizational roles in the extracellular matrix (ECM) by binding with cells and other components through specific and nonspecific interactions. Hyaluronan-binding pro¬teins are constituents of the extracellular matrix, and stabilize its integrity. Hyaluronan receptors are involved in cellular signal transduction; one receptor family includes the binding proteins aggrecan, link protein, versican and neurocan and the receptors CD44, TSG6, GHAP and LYVE-1. The chondroprotective effects of hyaluronic acid, e.g., that it stimulates the production of tissue in¬hibitors of matrix metalloproteineses (TIMP-1) by chondrocytes, inhibits neutrophil-mediated cartilage degradation and attenuates IL-1 induced matrix de¬generation and chondrocyte cytotoxicity have been observed in vitro. Articular chondrocytes cultured in the presence of HA have a significantly greater rate of DNA proliferation and ex¬tracellular matrix production, compared with chon¬drocytes cultured without HA.

Approval Year

Targets

Targets

Primary TargetPharmacologyConditionPotency
Target ID: P98066
Gene ID: 7130.0
Gene Symbol: TNFAIP6
Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human)
0.5 µM [Kd]
Conditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Primary
Monovisc

Approved Use

MONOVISC™ is indicated for the treatment of pain in osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee in patients who have failed to respond adequately to conservative nonpharmacologic therapy and to simple analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen).

Launch Date

2014
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
THE NATURE OF THE MUCO-POLYSACCHARIDE OF SYNOVIAL FLUID.
1938 Aug 5
Patents

Patents

Sample Use Guides

Monovisc™ (Hyaluronic acid, Hyaluronan) is injected into the knee joint and is administered as a single intra-articular injection. Each single intra-articular injection of Monovisc™ contains 88 mg of Hyaluronan.
Route of Administration: Other
Bovine articular chondrocytes were isolated and seeded into alginate constructs. The alginate gels were made to four different concentrations of hyaluronic acid: 0.1, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg/mL. The control specimens contained alginate that was free from hyaluronic acid. The alginate/chondrocyte/hyaluronic acid suspensions were then gently expressed through a 22-gauge needle attached to a 5 mL syringe into a 100 mm CaCl2 solution in a sterile Petri dish and each drop polymerised to form an alginate bead containing approximately 100 000 chondrocytes. Twenty minutes of incubation was allowed for further polymerisation. The newly-formed beads were then washed twice in EBSS to remove excess CaCl2. Five sets of beads containing hyaluronic acid at the four different concentrations, and a control set of beads containing chondrocytes without hyaluronic acid, were formed and were used for the culture experiments. Each set of alginate beads was then transferred into sterile 24-well culture plates, with eight randomly chosen beads placed in each well containing 1 mL of culture medium supplemented with hyaluronic acid at the same concentration as that in the respective alginate beads. The hydrogel constructs were cultured for a period of 14 days in the humidified atmosphere of a standard incubator at 37°C and 5% CO2. The culture medium was replaced by fresh culture medium every three days. Six replicates of eight alginate beads were removed randomly from each of the five cultures at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 14 days for analysis.
Name Type Language
HYALURONATE SODIUM
DASH   GREEN BOOK   II   USAN   VANDF   WHO-DD  
USAN  
Official Name English
LEGEND
Brand Name English
HYALURONATE SODIUM [II]
Common Name English
HYALURONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT
Common Name English
SODIUM HYALURONATE [USP-RS]
Common Name English
SODIUM HYALURONATE [MART.]
Common Name English
OSTENIL
Brand Name English
Sodium hyaluronate
EP   INCI   JAN   MART.  
INCI  
Official Name English
SODIUM HYALURONATE [EP MONOGRAPH]
Common Name English
SODIUM HYALURONATE [INCI]
Common Name English
FEMA NO. 4986
Code English
HYALURONAN SODIUM
Common Name English
HYALURONATE SODIUM [USAN]
Common Name English
HYALURONIC ACID SODIUM SALT
MI  
Common Name English
HYALURONATE SODIUM [VANDF]
Common Name English
SODIUM HYALURONATE FOR IR IDENTIFICATION
USP-RS  
Common Name English
HYALURONIC ACID SODIUM SALT [MI]
Common Name English
HYALURONATE SODIUM [GREEN BOOK]
Common Name English
SODIUM HYALURONATE [JAN]
Common Name English
Hyaluronate sodium [WHO-DD]
Common Name English
HYRUAN PLUS
Common Name English
Classification Tree Code System Code
CFR 21 CFR 522.1145
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Code System Code Type Description
NCI_THESAURUS
C1505
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CONCEPT Dietary Supplement
RS_ITEM_NUM
1614159
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PRIMARY
EPA CompTox
DTXSID30238233
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PRIMARY
NCI_THESAURUS
C83761
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PRIMARY
EVMPD
SUB12289MIG
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PRIMARY
GRAS Notification (GRN No.)
976
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PRIMARY
CAS
9067-32-7
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PRIMARY
MERCK INDEX
m6066
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PRIMARY Merck Index
DAILYMED
YSE9PPT4TH
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PRIMARY
DRUG BANK
DBSALT001489
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PRIMARY
RXCUI
42892
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PRIMARY RxNorm
FDA UNII
YSE9PPT4TH
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PRIMARY
USAN
X-41
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PRIMARY
ChEMBL
CHEMBL2110674
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PRIMARY
Display Structure of HYALURONATE SODIUM