PERPHENAZINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE

Details

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula	C21H26ClN3OS.2ClH
Molecular Weight	476.891
Optical Activity	NONE
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Charge	0

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure of PERPHENAZINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE

Structure Search

SMILES

Cl.Cl.OCCN1CCN(CCCN2C3=CC=CC=C3SC4=CC=C(Cl)C=C24)CC1

InChI

InChIKey=JGTYANSBOIVAMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C21H26ClN3OS.2ClH/c22-17-6-7-21-19(16-17)25(18-4-1-2-5-20(18)27-21)9-3-8-23-10-12-24(13-11-23)14-15-26;;/h1-2,4-7,16,26H,3,8-15H2;2*1H

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Description
Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/089683s024lbl.pdf | http://apm.amegroups.com/article/view/1039/1266

Perphenazine is a relatively high potency phenothiazine that blocks dopamine 2 receptors predominantly, but also may possess antagonist actions at histamine 1 and cholinergic M1 and alpha 1 adrenergic receptors in the vomiting center leading to reduced nausea and vomiting. The drug was approved by FDA for the treatment of schizophrenia and control of severe nausea and vomiting (either alone or in combination with amitriptyline hydrochloride). Perphenazine is extensively hepatic to metabolites via sulfoxidation, hydroxylation, dealkylation, and glucuronidation; primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to N-dealkylated perphenazine, perphenazine sulfoxide, and 7-hydroxyperphenazine (active metabolite with 70% of the activity of perphenazine) and excreted in the urine and feces.

CNS Activity

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Potency
D(2) dopamine receptor 58 Target ID: P14416 Gene ID: 1813.0 Gene Symbol: DRD2 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: http://apm.amegroups.com/article/view/1039/1266	Antagonist 2849	0.16 nM [Ki]
Histamine H1 receptor 316 Target ID: P35367 Gene ID: 3269.0 Gene Symbol: HRH1 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: http://apm.amegroups.com/article/view/1039/1266	Antagonist 2849	8.0 nM [Kd]
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 168 Target ID: P11229 Gene ID: 1128.0 Gene Symbol: CHRM1 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: http://apm.amegroups.com/article/view/1039/1266	Antagonist 2849	1.5 µM [Kd]
Adrenergic receptor alpha-1 171 Target ID: CHEMBL2094251 Sources: http://apm.amegroups.com/article/view/1039/1266	Antagonist 2849	10.0 nM [Ki]

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Highest Phase	Product
Nausea 63 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/089683s024lbl.pdf	Preventing	Approved 8583	PERPHENAZINE Approved Use Perphenazine is indicated for use in the treatment of schizophrenia and for the control of severe nausea and vomiting in adults. Launch Date 1988
Vomiting 38 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/089683s024lbl.pdf	Preventing	Approved 8583	PERPHENAZINE Approved Use Perphenazine is indicated for use in the treatment of schizophrenia and for the control of severe nausea and vomiting in adults. Launch Date 1988
Schizophrenia 305 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/089683s024lbl.pdf	Primary	Approved 8583	PERPHENAZINE Approved Use Perphenazine is indicated for use in the treatment of schizophrenia and for the control of severe nausea and vomiting in adults. Launch Date 1988
Anxiety 275 Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=e2937445-c015-c9a5-52f8-a2959da97290	Primary	Approved 8583	PERPHENAZINE AND AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Approved Use Perphenazine and amitriptyline hydrochloride tablets are recommended for treatment of (1) patients with moderate to severe anxiety and/or agitation and depressed mood, (2) patients with depression in whom anxiety and/or agitation are severe, and (3) patients with depression and anxiety in association with chronic physical disease. In many of these patients, anxiety masks the depressive state so that, although therapy with a tranquilizer appears to be indicated, the administration of a tranquilizer alone will not be adequate. Launch Date 1988
Depression 240 Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=e2937445-c015-c9a5-52f8-a2959da97290	Primary	Approved 8583	PERPHENAZINE AND AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Approved Use Perphenazine and amitriptyline hydrochloride tablets are recommended for treatment of (1) patients with moderate to severe anxiety and/or agitation and depressed mood, (2) patients with depression in whom anxiety and/or agitation are severe, and (3) patients with depression and anxiety in association with chronic physical disease. In many of these patients, anxiety masks the depressive state so that, although therapy with a tranquilizer appears to be indicated, the administration of a tranquilizer alone will not be adequate. Launch Date 1988

C_max

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
0.546 ng/mL REVIEW https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/anda/98/40226_Perphenazaine_Bioeqr.pdf	16 mg single, oral dose: 16 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	PERPHENAZINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
984 pg/mL DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/089683s024lbl.pdf	4 mg 3 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 4 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	PERPHENAZINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
509 pg/mL DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/089683s024lbl.pdf	4 mg 3 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 4 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	7-HYDROXYPERPHENAZINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

AUC

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
6.673 ng × h/mL REVIEW https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/anda/98/40226_Perphenazaine_Bioeqr.pdf	16 mg single, oral dose: 16 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:		PERPHENAZINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

T_1/2

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
9.12 h REVIEW https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/anda/98/40226_Perphenazaine_Bioeqr.pdf	16 mg single, oral dose: 16 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	PERPHENAZINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
12 h DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/089683s024lbl.pdf	4 mg 3 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 4 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	PERPHENAZINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
18.8 h DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/089683s024lbl.pdf	4 mg 3 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 4 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	7-HYDROXYPERPHENAZINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

F_unbound

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
9% DRUG LABEL https://www.glowm.com/resources/glowm/cd/pages/drugs/p024.html	unknown, unknown		PERPHENAZINE unknown	Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

Doses

Dose	Population	Adverse events
0.93 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 0.93 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 0.93 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008	unhealthy, 42 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 42 Sex: M Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008	Disc. AE: QT interval prolonged, Hypothermia... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: QT interval prolonged Hypothermia Loss of consciousness PR interval prolonged QRS prolonged Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008
200 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 200 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 200 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053	unhealthy, 48 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 48 Sex: F Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053	Disc. AE: Coma, Hypothermia... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Coma Hypothermia Tachycardia Miosis Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053
30 mg 1 times / day multiple, intramuscular Recommended Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf	Disc. AE: Tardive dyskinesia... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Tardive dyskinesia Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf
30 mg 1 times / day multiple, intramuscular Recommended Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf	Disc. AE: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf
64 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 64 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 64 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf	Disc. AE: Tardive dyskinesia... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Tardive dyskinesia Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf
64 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 64 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 64 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf	Disc. AE: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf
20 mg single, intramuscular Studied dose Dose: 20 mg Route: intramuscular Route: single Dose: 20 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3588517/	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3588517/	Disc. AE: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3588517/

AEs

AE	Significance	Dose	Population
Hypothermia	Disc. AE	0.93 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 0.93 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 0.93 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008	unhealthy, 42 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 42 Sex: M Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008
Loss of consciousness	Disc. AE	0.93 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 0.93 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 0.93 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008	unhealthy, 42 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 42 Sex: M Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008
PR interval prolonged	Disc. AE	0.93 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 0.93 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 0.93 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008	unhealthy, 42 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 42 Sex: M Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008
QRS prolonged	Disc. AE	0.93 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 0.93 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 0.93 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008	unhealthy, 42 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 42 Sex: M Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008
QT interval prolonged	Disc. AE	0.93 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 0.93 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 0.93 g Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008	unhealthy, 42 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 42 Sex: M Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008
Coma	Disc. AE	200 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 200 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 200 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053	unhealthy, 48 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 48 Sex: F Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053
Hypothermia	Disc. AE	200 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 200 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 200 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053	unhealthy, 48 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 48 Sex: F Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053
Miosis	Disc. AE	200 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 200 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 200 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053	unhealthy, 48 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 48 Sex: F Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053
Tachycardia	Disc. AE	200 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 200 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 200 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053	unhealthy, 48 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 48 Sex: F Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053
Tardive dyskinesia	Disc. AE	30 mg 1 times / day multiple, intramuscular Recommended Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome	Disc. AE	30 mg 1 times / day multiple, intramuscular Recommended Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf
Tardive dyskinesia	Disc. AE	64 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 64 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 64 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome	Disc. AE	64 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 64 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 64 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome	Disc. AE	20 mg single, intramuscular Studied dose Dose: 20 mg Route: intramuscular Route: single Dose: 20 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3588517/	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3588517/

Overview

CYP3A4	CYP2C9	CYP2D6	hERG
substrate 1946	inhibitor 2438	substrate 1388	inhibitor 2217

OverviewOther

Other Inhibitor	Other Substrate	Other Inducer
CYP2B6 926 CYP1A2 2153 CYP2C19 2057 CYP3A 227 P-gp 1741 UGT2B10 31 K+ channels 73 Nav1.5 116	P-gp 2052 CYP2C19 1119	MRP1 74

Drug as perpetrator

Target	Modality	Activity
CYP2C19 2141	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10460810/ Page: abstract	no
CYP2C9 2497	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10460810/ Page: abstract	no
CYP3A 317	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10460810/ Page: abstract	no
CYP2B6 1160	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10460810/ Page: abstract	yes [IC50 1.5 uM]
K+ channels 73	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00210-009-0420-1 Page: abstract	yes [IC50 38.2 uM]
UGT2B10 33	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/44/3/378.short Page: 42.0	yes [IC50 66.2 uM]
CYP1A2 2333	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10460810/ Page: abstract	yes [Ki 65.1 uM]
MRP1 232	inducer 1966 Sources: https://iv.iiarjournals.org/content/23/6/943.short Page: 945.0	yes
P-gp 1932	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40263-012-0008-z Page: 962.0	yes

Drug as victim

Target	Modality	Activity
CYP2C19 1119	substrate 4014 Sources: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40263-012-0008-z Page: 961.0	yes
CYP2D6 1388	substrate 4014 Sources: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0269881104047278 Page: 510.0	yes
CYP3A4 1946	substrate 4014 Sources: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40263-012-0008-z Page: 961.0	yes
P-gp 2052	substrate 4014 Sources: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40263-012-0008-z Page: 961.0	yes

Tox targets

Target	Modality	Activity	Metabolite	Clinical evidence
Nav1.5 119	inhibitor 2237 Sources: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002914917310421 Page: 1033.0
hERG 2263	inhibitor 2237 Sources: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1081/DCT-200064482 Page: abstract

Sourcing

Vendor/Aggregator	ID	URL
ChEBI	CHEBI:8028	https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:8028
ChemicalBook	CB6687009	https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB6687009
eMolecules	593689	https://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/more?vid=593689
MolPort	MolPort-001-727-942	https://www.molport.com/shop/molecule-link/MolPort-001-727-942
ZINC	ZINC000019228902	http://zinc15.docking.org/substances/ZINC000019228902

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
Selective inhibition of hepatitis C virus infection by hydroxyzine and benztropine.	2014-06	24709263
Antitubercular pharmacodynamics of phenothiazines.	2013-04	23228936
Profiling of a prescription drug library for potential renal drug-drug interactions mediated by the organic cation transporter 2.	2011-07-14	21599003
Olanzapine use in women with antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia.	1998-10	9766782
Association of plasma homovanillic acid with behavioral symptoms in patients diagnosed with dementia: a preliminary report.	1997-12-01	9386853
Induction of mania by risperidone resistant to mood stabilizers.	1997-02	9004061
BMY-14802 reversed the sigma receptor agonist-induced neck dystonia in rats.	1996	9013402
The efficacy of prophylactic ondansetron, droperidol, perphenazine, and metoclopramide in the prevention of nausea and vomiting after major gynecologic surgery.	1995-07	7598243
Binding of typical and atypical antipsychotic agents to 5-hydroxytryptamine-6 and 5-hydroxytryptamine-7 receptors.	1994-03	7908055
Risperidone versus perphenazine in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients with acute exacerbations.	1993-12	7508675
The relationship between blood perphenazine levels, early resolution of psychotic symptoms, and side effects.	1990-08	2199431
Zuclopenthixol and perphenazine in patients with acute psychotic states. A double-blind multicentre study.	1987-07	3615572
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome during perphenazine treatment.	1987-03	3588517
L-tryptophan in drug-induced movement disorders with insomnia.	1986-05-08	3702925
Tourette-like syndrome following low dose short-term neuroleptic treatment.	1986-05	3459568
A case of progressive hemichorea responsive to high-dose reserpine.	1986-03	3949727
Effect of different neuroleptics in tardive dyskinesia and parkinsonism. A video-controlled multicenter study with chlorprothixene, perphenazine, haloperidol and haloperidol + biperiden. Nordic Dyskinesia Study Group.	1986	2880362
GABAergic, dopaminergic and cholinergic interactions in perphenazine-induced catatonia in rats.	1985-12	3938209
Pharmacology in vivo of the phenylindan derivative, Lu 19-005, a new potent inhibitor of dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake in rat brain.	1985-04	2409454
Sigma opiates and certain antipsychotic drugs mutually inhibit (+)-[3H] SKF 10,047 and [3H]haloperidol binding in guinea pig brain membranes.	1984-09	6147851
Unique sensitivity of Hb Zürich to oxidative injury by phenazopyridine: reversal of the effects by elevating carboxyhemoglobin levels in vivo and in vitro.	1983-06	6859031
Cerebellar syndrome following neuroleptic induced heat stroke.	1983-02	6842224
Dose-response relationships of perphenazine in the treatment of acute psychoses.	1982	6817364
Actions of clonidine on convulsions and behaviour.	1981-07	7305545
Prolactin and the small intestine. Effect of hyperprolactinaemia on mucosal structure in the rat.	1981-07	7262630
Tricyclic antidepressants and alcoholic blackouts.	1981-06	7229637
Plasma levels of perphenazine (Trilafon) related to development of extrapyramidal side effects.	1981	6794071
Pituitary sensitivity to LHRH in hyperprolactinemia induced by perphenazine and renal pituitary transplants in female rats.	1980-04	6770916
Electrophysiologic studies of perphenazine and protriptyline in a patient with psychotropic drug-induced ventricular fibrillation.	1979-08	463940
Seven cases of somnambulism induced by drugs.	1979-07	453369
Metoclopramide and dystonic reactions in Sardinians.	1979-06-23	87799
Toxic psychosis with cimetidine.	1979-05	434259
Death attributed to ventricular arrhythmia induced by thioridazine in combination with a single Contac C capsule.	1978-10-07	709472
[Acute dystonia in children. 2 cases caused by perphenazine (Trilafon)].	1978-03-10	635871
Drug-induced anaphylaxis, convulsions, deafness, and extrapyramidal symptoms.	1977-03-12	65671
Asymptomatic idiopathic syndrome of prolonged Q-T interval in a 45-year-old woman. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias precipitated by hypokalemia and therapy with amitriptyline and prephenazine.	1977-02	832494
Letter: Side-effects of perphenazine.	1975-06-21	48972
The mechanism of the potentiating effect of antidepressant drugs on the protective influenc oe of diphenhydramine in experimental catatonia. The role of histamine.	1974	4477392
Idiosyncratic responses to phenothiazines.	1972-01-22	5058744
Increased sensitivity to neuroleptics in rats with lesions of the central nervous system.	1972	5065892
Iatrogenic epilepsy due to antidepressant drugs.	1969-10-11	5823053
Dystonic reaction to perphenazine.	1969-08-09	4184245
Perphenazine dystonia presenting as recurrent dislocation of the jaw.	1969-01	5765799
Phenothiazines and diabetes in hospitalized women.	1968-01	5634402
Oculogyric crises due to phenothiazines.	1967-07-22	6028472
Side-effects of phenothiazines.	1967-04-01	6021008
Specific therapeutic actions of acetophenazine, perphenazine, and benzquinamide in newly admitted schizophrenic patients.	1967-03-01	5336562
Phenothiazines in early labour.	1967-02-11	6017500
Drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms: their incidence and treatment.	1967-01	6016862
The bucco-linguo-masticatory syndrome as a side-effect of neuroleptics therapy.	1967	4383787

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

Moderately disturbed nonhospitalized patients with schizophrenia: 4 to 8 mg t.i.d. initially; reduce as soon as possible to minimum effective dosage. Hospitalized patients with schizophrenia: 8 to 16 mg b.i.d. to q.i.d.; avoid dosages in excess of 64 mg daily. Severe nausea and vomiting in adults: 8 to 16 mg daily in divided doses; 24 mg occasionally may be necessary; early dosage reduction is desirable.

Route of Administration: Oral

In Vitro Use Guide

Perphenazine (10-100 microM) was administered, either alone or combined with dopamine, to primary mouse neuronal or intact brain culture and to a human neuroblastoma (NB) cell line (SK-N-SH). Cell viability (measured by neutral red and alamar blue), DNA fragmentation (flow cytometry-NB) were determined. Neuroblastoma: perphenazine decreased viability by 87%.

Name

Type

Language

PERPHENAZINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE

Common Name

English

PERPHENAZINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE [MI]

Preferred Name

English

1-PIPERAZINEETHANOL, 4-(3-(2-CHLOROPHENOTHIAZIN-10-YL)PROPYL)-, DIHYDROCHLORIDE

Systematic Name

English

1-PIPERAZINEETHANOL, 4-(3-(2-CHLORO-10H-PHENOTHIAZIN-10-YL)PROPYL)-, DIHYDROCHLORIDE

Systematic Name

English

ETHAPERAZINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE

Systematic Name

English

1-PIPERAZINEETHANOL, 4-(3-(2-CHLORO-10H-PHENOTHIAZIN-10-YL)PROPYL)-, HYDROCHLORIDE (1:2)

Systematic Name

English

Code System Code Type Description

FDA UNII

THW7Y583I9