Details
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Molecular Formula | C13H14N2.ClH.H2O |
| Molecular Weight | 252.74 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
O.Cl.NC1=C2CCCCC2=NC3=C1C=CC=C3
InChI
InChIKey=PXGRMZYJAOQPNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C13H14N2.ClH.H2O/c14-13-9-5-1-3-7-11(9)15-12-8-4-2-6-10(12)13;;/h1,3,5,7H,2,4,6,8H2,(H2,14,15);1H;1H2
DescriptionSources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00382Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.drugs.com/pro/cognex.html
Sources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00382
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.drugs.com/pro/cognex.html
Tacrine is a parasympathomimetic- a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor that is indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type. An early pathophysiological feature of Alzheimer's disease that is associated with memory loss and cognitive deficits is a deficiency of acetylcholine as a result of selective loss of cholinergic neurons in the cerebral cortex, nucleus basalis, and hippocampus. Tacrine is postulated to exert its therapeutic effect by enhancing cholinergic function. This is accomplished by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses through reversible inhibition of its hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase. If this proposed mechanism of action is correct, tacrine's effect may lessen as the disease progresses and fewer cholinergic neurons remain functionally intact. There is no evidence that tacrine alters the course of the underlying dementing process. The mechanism of tacrine is not fully known, but it is suggested that the drug is an anticholinesterase agent which reversibly binds with and inactivates cholinesterases. This inhibits the hydrolysis of acetylcholine released from functioning cholinergic neurons, thus leading to an accumulation of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. The result is a prolonged effect of acetylcholine. is used for the palliative treatment of mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Tacrine was marketed under the trade name Cognex. Because of its liver toxicity and attendant requirement for monitoring liver function, tacrine prescriptions dropped after other acetylcholinesterase inhibitors were introduced, and its use has been largely discontinued.
CNS Activity
Approval Year
Targets
| Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
|---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL220 Sources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00382 |
500.0 nM [IC50] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL1914 Sources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00382 |
23.0 nM [IC50] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL2190 |
0.46 µM [IC50] |
Conditions
| Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Cognex Approved UseCognex® (tacrine hydrochloride capsules) is indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Launch Date1993 |
Cmax
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
15.8 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7836549 |
40 mg single, oral dose: 40 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
TACRINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
AUC
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
91.8 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7836549 |
40 mg single, oral dose: 40 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
TACRINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
T1/2
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
2.8 h EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7836549 |
40 mg single, oral dose: 40 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
TACRINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
Doses
| Dose | Population | Adverse events |
|---|---|---|
160 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 160 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 160 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 71.2 years (range: 52-88 years) n = 64 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Alzheimer's disease Age Group: 71.2 years (range: 52-88 years) Sex: M+F Population Size: 64 Sources: |
Disc. AE: Nausea, Vomiting... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Nausea (21 patient) Sources: Vomiting (21 patient) Anorexia (21 patient) Dyspepsia (21 patient) Diarrhea (21 patient) Abdominal pain (21 patient) |
40 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 40 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 40 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p. 5 |
unhealthy, adult n = 146 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Population Size: 146 Sources: Page: p. 5 |
Disc. AE: Transaminases increased, Atrial fibrillation... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Transaminases increased (1 patient) Sources: Page: p. 5Atrial fibrillation (1 patient) Dyspnea (1 patient) Chest pain (1 patient) |
80 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 80 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 80 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p. 5 |
unhealthy, adult n = 150 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Population Size: 150 Sources: Page: p. 5 |
Disc. AE: Transaminases increased, Nausea... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Transaminases increased (1 patient) Sources: Page: p. 5Nausea (1 patient) Vomiting (1 patient) Pallor (1 patient) Vasodilatation (1 patient) Sweating increased (1 patient) |
AEs
| AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal pain | 21 patient Disc. AE |
160 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 160 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 160 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 71.2 years (range: 52-88 years) n = 64 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Alzheimer's disease Age Group: 71.2 years (range: 52-88 years) Sex: M+F Population Size: 64 Sources: |
| Anorexia | 21 patient Disc. AE |
160 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 160 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 160 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 71.2 years (range: 52-88 years) n = 64 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Alzheimer's disease Age Group: 71.2 years (range: 52-88 years) Sex: M+F Population Size: 64 Sources: |
| Diarrhea | 21 patient Disc. AE |
160 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 160 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 160 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 71.2 years (range: 52-88 years) n = 64 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Alzheimer's disease Age Group: 71.2 years (range: 52-88 years) Sex: M+F Population Size: 64 Sources: |
| Dyspepsia | 21 patient Disc. AE |
160 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 160 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 160 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 71.2 years (range: 52-88 years) n = 64 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Alzheimer's disease Age Group: 71.2 years (range: 52-88 years) Sex: M+F Population Size: 64 Sources: |
| Nausea | 21 patient Disc. AE |
160 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 160 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 160 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 71.2 years (range: 52-88 years) n = 64 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Alzheimer's disease Age Group: 71.2 years (range: 52-88 years) Sex: M+F Population Size: 64 Sources: |
| Vomiting | 21 patient Disc. AE |
160 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 160 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 160 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 71.2 years (range: 52-88 years) n = 64 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Alzheimer's disease Age Group: 71.2 years (range: 52-88 years) Sex: M+F Population Size: 64 Sources: |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1 patient Disc. AE |
40 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 40 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 40 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p. 5 |
unhealthy, adult n = 146 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Population Size: 146 Sources: Page: p. 5 |
| Chest pain | 1 patient Disc. AE |
40 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 40 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 40 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p. 5 |
unhealthy, adult n = 146 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Population Size: 146 Sources: Page: p. 5 |
| Dyspnea | 1 patient Disc. AE |
40 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 40 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 40 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p. 5 |
unhealthy, adult n = 146 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Population Size: 146 Sources: Page: p. 5 |
| Transaminases increased | 1 patient Disc. AE |
40 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 40 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 40 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p. 5 |
unhealthy, adult n = 146 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Population Size: 146 Sources: Page: p. 5 |
| Nausea | 1 patient Disc. AE |
80 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 80 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 80 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p. 5 |
unhealthy, adult n = 150 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Population Size: 150 Sources: Page: p. 5 |
| Pallor | 1 patient Disc. AE |
80 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 80 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 80 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p. 5 |
unhealthy, adult n = 150 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Population Size: 150 Sources: Page: p. 5 |
| Sweating increased | 1 patient Disc. AE |
80 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 80 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 80 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p. 5 |
unhealthy, adult n = 150 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Population Size: 150 Sources: Page: p. 5 |
| Transaminases increased | 1 patient Disc. AE |
80 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 80 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 80 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p. 5 |
unhealthy, adult n = 150 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Population Size: 150 Sources: Page: p. 5 |
| Vasodilatation | 1 patient Disc. AE |
80 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 80 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 80 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p. 5 |
unhealthy, adult n = 150 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Population Size: 150 Sources: Page: p. 5 |
| Vomiting | 1 patient Disc. AE |
80 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 80 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 80 mg, 1 times / day Sources: Page: p. 5 |
unhealthy, adult n = 150 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: adult Population Size: 150 Sources: Page: p. 5 |
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| An appraisal of tacrine-extended suxamethonium. | 1970 Feb |
|
| Ketamine-induced postanesthetic delirium attenuated by tetrahydroaminoacridine. | 1974 Jul |
|
| Suxamethonium apnoea masked by tetrahydroaminacrine. | 1978 Jul-Aug |
|
| Amino acridines action on Friend's retrovirus in relation to their molecular ionization. | 1989 |
|
| Correlation of brain levels of 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine (THA) with neurochemical and behavioral changes. | 1989 Nov 28 |
|
| A comparison of the effects of cholinergic and dopaminergic agents on scopolamine-induced hyperactivity in mice. | 1990 Nov |
|
| Tacrine inhibits ventricular fibrillation induced by ischaemia and reperfusion and widens QT interval in rat. | 1993 Mar |
|
| Antiamnesic and cholinomimetic side-effects of the cholinesterase inhibitors, physostigmine, tacrine and NIK-247 in rats. | 1993 Nov 30 |
|
| Severe parkinsonian symptom development on combination treatment with tacrine and haloperidol. | 1995 Aug |
|
| Systemic administration of lithium chloride and tacrine but not kainic acid augments citrulline content of rat brain. | 1995 Dec 27 |
|
| Delirium caused by tacrine and ibuprofen interaction. | 1996 Jun |
|
| Convulsive effects of tacrine. | 1996 May 11 |
|
| Adverse interaction of tacrine and haloperidol. | 1996 Nov |
|
| Ameliorative effects of azaindolizinone derivative ZSET845 on scopolamine-induced deficits in passive avoidance and radial-arm maze learning in the rat. | 2001 Nov |
|
| Therapeutic approaches to age-associated neurocognitive disorders. | 2001 Sep |
|
| Neuronal overexpression of "readthrough" acetylcholinesterase is associated with antisense-suppressible behavioral impairments. | 2002 |
|
| Sleep-wake mechanisms and drug discovery: sleep EEG as a tool for the development of CNS-acting drugs. | 2002 Dec |
|
| Tacrine attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis by regulating expression of apoptosis-related genes in rat PC12 cells. | 2002 Oct 30 |
|
| Crystal structure of human carboxylesterase 1 complexed with the Alzheimer's drug tacrine: from binding promiscuity to selective inhibition. | 2003 Apr |
|
| The evaluation of cognitive function in the dementias: methodological and regulatory considerations. | 2003 Mar |
|
| Reduction in distractibility with AF102B and THA in the macaque. | 2003 Sep |
|
| Cholinergic drugs potentiate human nicotinic alpha4beta2 acetylcholine receptors by a competitive mechanism. | 2005 Feb 21 |
|
| Prediction of genotoxicity of chemical compounds by statistical learning methods. | 2005 Jun |
|
2006 Jun |
||
| Potential cognitive enhancing and disease modification effects of SSRIs for Alzheimer's disease. | 2007 |
|
| Long-term tetrahydroaminoacridine treatment and quantitative EEG in Alzheimer's disease. | 2007 |
|
| Current therapeutic options for Alzheimer's disease. | 2007 Dec |
|
| Donepezil in Alzheimer's disease: From conventional trials to pharmacogenetics. | 2007 Jun |
|
| Hepatoprotective effect of Cirsium arisanense Kitamura in tacrine-treated hepatoma Hep 3B cells and C57BL mice. | 2008 |
|
| NO-donating tacrine hybrid compounds improve scopolamine-induced cognition impairment and show less hepatotoxicity. | 2008 Dec 25 |
|
| Dose-related effects of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor tacrine on cocaine and food self-administration in rats. | 2008 Jan |
|
| Cholinesterase inhibitors for delirium. | 2008 Jan 23 |
|
| 1-Phenyl-6,7,8,9-hexa-hydro-1H,5H-cyclo-hepta-[1',2':2,3]pyrido[6,5-c]pyrazol-4-amine: a new tacrine analogue. | 2008 May 10 |
|
| The protective effect of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway against septic shock in rats. | 2008 Oct |
|
| Contribution of the d-Serine-Dependent Pathway to the Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Cognitive Aging. | 2010 |
|
| A second-generation device for automated training and quantitative behavior analyses of molecularly-tractable model organisms. | 2010 Dec 17 |
|
| Use of angiotensin receptor blockers and risk of dementia in a predominantly male population: prospective cohort analysis. | 2010 Jan 12 |
|
| Dual-acting drugs: an in vitro study of nonimidazole histamine H3 receptor antagonists combining anticholinesterase activity. | 2010 Jul 5 |
|
| Development of a highly sensitive cytotoxicity assay system for CYP3A4-mediated metabolic activation. | 2011 Aug |
|
| Profiling of a prescription drug library for potential renal drug-drug interactions mediated by the organic cation transporter 2. | 2011 Jul 14 |
|
| Refining the human iPSC-cardiomyocyte arrhythmic risk assessment model. | 2013 Dec |
|
| Inhibition of human carboxylesterases hCE1 and hiCE by cholinesterase inhibitors. | 2013 Mar 25 |
|
| A correlation between the in vitro drug toxicity of drugs to cell lines that express human P450s and their propensity to cause liver injury in humans. | 2014 Jan |
|
| N-palmitoyl serotonin alleviates scopolamine-induced memory impairment via regulation of cholinergic and antioxidant systems, and expression of BDNF and p-CREB in mice. | 2015 Dec 5 |
Sample Use Guides
Oral
Initially, 10 mg 4 times daily for at least 4 weeks.
If well tolerated and increased serum ALT concentrations have not occurred, increase dosage to 20 mg 4 times daily; if tolerated, increase dosage in 40-mg daily increments (divided into 4 doses daily) at 4-week intervals up to a maximum of 160 mg daily (40 mg 4 times daily).
Route of Administration:
Oral
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DTXSID80221711
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6420002
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7149-50-0
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ACTIVE MOIETY
SUBSTANCE RECORD
