Details
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Molecular Formula | C19H33NO2.C12H26O4S |
| Molecular Weight | 573.868 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
CCCCCCCCCCCCOS(O)(=O)=O.CCCCCCCCC1=CC=C(CCC(N)(CO)CO)C=C1
InChI
InChIKey=XTLZVNMZICNQBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C19H33NO2.C12H26O4S/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-17-9-11-18(12-10-17)13-14-19(20,15-21)16-22;1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-16-17(13,14)15/h9-12,21-22H,2-8,13-16,20H2,1H3;2-12H2,1H3,(H,13,14,15)
Fingolimod (FTY720) is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator indicated and approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Fingolimod (trade name Gilenya, Novartis) is metabolized by sphingosine kinase to the active metabolite, fingolimod-phosphate. Fingolimod-phosphate
is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator, and binds with high affinity to sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors 1, 3,
4, and 5. Fingolimod-phosphate blocks the capacity of lymphocytes to egress from lymph nodes, reducing the number of
lymphocytes in peripheral blood. The mechanism by which fingolimod exerts therapeutic effects in multiple sclerosis is
unknown, but may involve reduction of lymphocyte migration into the central nervous system. Fingolimod was approved as a first-in-class, orally active drug for relapsing multiple sclerosis in 2010, and its applications in other disease conditions are currently under clinical trials.
CNS Activity
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26715391 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23518370
Curator's Comment: Fingolimod crosses the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and accumulates in the CNS.
Originator
Approval Year
Targets
| Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.84 µM [IC50] | |||
| 2.1 µM [IC50] | |||
| 0.3 nM [EC50] | |||
| 0.3 nM [EC50] |
Conditions
| Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | GILENYA Approved UseGILENYA is indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) to reduce the frequency of clinical exacerbations and to delay the accumulation of physical disability. GILENYA is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) to reduce the frequency of clinical exacerbations and to delay the accumulation of physical disability. (1) Launch Date2010 |
Cmax
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
0.65 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22149256 |
1 mg single, oral dose: 1 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
FINGOLIMOD plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: FASTED |
AUC
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
149 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22149256 |
1 mg single, oral dose: 1 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
FINGOLIMOD plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: FASTED |
T1/2
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
7 h EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22149256 |
1 mg single, oral dose: 1 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
FINGOLIMOD plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: FASTED |
Doses
| Dose | Population | Adverse events |
|---|---|---|
14 mg single, oral Overdose |
unhealthy, 33 years |
Other AEs: Bradycardia, Hypotension... Other AEs: Bradycardia (1 patient) Sources: Hypotension (1 patient) |
1.25 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
Other AEs: Appendicitis, Urinary tract infection... Other AEs: Appendicitis (serious, 1 patient) Sources: Urinary tract infection (serious, 1 patient) Hyperlipidemia (10.9%) Leukopenia (10.9%) Lymphopenia (17.4%) Constipation (4.3%) Diarrhea (13%) Stomatitis (13%) Alanine aminotransferase increased (2.2%) Aspartate aminotransferase increased (2.2%) Cystitis (15.2%) Bronchitis (4.3%) |
0.5 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 0.5 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 0.5 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 37 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 37 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
Disc. AE: Transaminases increased... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Transaminases increased (3.8%) Sources: |
3.5 mg single, oral Highest studied dose |
unhealthy, 43.2 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 43.2 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
Other AEs: Bradycardia, Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity decreased... Other AEs: Bradycardia (2 patients) Sources: Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity decreased (1 patient) Electrocardiogram T wave abnormal (1 patient) |
40 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 40 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 40 mg Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: |
Other AEs: Chest tightness... Other AEs: Chest tightness (mild, 5 patients) Sources: |
AEs
| AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bradycardia | 1 patient | 14 mg single, oral Overdose |
unhealthy, 33 years |
| Hypotension | 1 patient | 14 mg single, oral Overdose |
unhealthy, 33 years |
| Hyperlipidemia | 10.9% | 1.25 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Leukopenia | 10.9% | 1.25 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Diarrhea | 13% | 1.25 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Stomatitis | 13% | 1.25 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Cystitis | 15.2% | 1.25 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Lymphopenia | 17.4% | 1.25 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Alanine aminotransferase increased | 2.2% | 1.25 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Aspartate aminotransferase increased | 2.2% | 1.25 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Bronchitis | 4.3% | 1.25 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Constipation | 4.3% | 1.25 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Appendicitis | serious, 1 patient | 1.25 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Urinary tract infection | serious, 1 patient | 1.25 mg 1 times / day steady, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: steady Dose: 1.25 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 36.0 years (range: 18–55 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Transaminases increased | 3.8% Disc. AE |
0.5 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 0.5 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 0.5 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, 37 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 37 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity decreased | 1 patient | 3.5 mg single, oral Highest studied dose |
unhealthy, 43.2 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 43.2 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Electrocardiogram T wave abnormal | 1 patient | 3.5 mg single, oral Highest studied dose |
unhealthy, 43.2 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 43.2 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Bradycardia | 2 patients | 3.5 mg single, oral Highest studied dose |
unhealthy, 43.2 years Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 43.2 years Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Chest tightness | mild, 5 patients | 40 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 40 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 40 mg Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: |
Overview
| CYP3A4 | CYP2C9 | CYP2D6 | hERG |
|---|---|---|---|
OverviewOther
Drug as perpetrator
Drug as victim
| Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Page: (ClinPharm) 11, 54, 55, 56-57, 207-210 |
minor [Km 107 uM] | unlikely (co-administration study) Comment: Recombinant human CYP3A4, Vmax = 1423 pmol/(min.nmol CYP); Cyclosporine did not modify fingolimod overall exposure AUC(0-tz) or peak concentration (Cmax). The pharmacokinetics of steady-state cyclosporine were not altered during coadministration with singledose fingolimod. Page: (ClinPharm) 11, 54, 55, 56-57, 207-210 |
||
| minor [Km 73 uM] | ||||
Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2010/022527Orig1s000clinpharmr.pdf#page=89 Page: (ClinPharm) 89 |
no | |||
| yes [Km 117 uM] | ||||
| yes [Km 76 uM] |
Tox targets
| Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Coexpression of CD4 and CD8alpha on rat T-cells in whole blood: a sensitive marker for monitoring T-cell immunosuppressive drugs. | 2001 Aug 1 |
|
| FTY720 alters lymphocyte homing and protects allografts without inducing general immunosuppression. | 2001 Feb-Mar |
|
| T-cell apoptosis triggered by FTY720 via mitochondrial pathway. | 2001 Nov-Dec |
|
| FTY720: a new dimension in transplantation. | 2001 Nov-Dec |
|
| [What is new on transplantation in 2001?]. | 2001 Sep 1 |
|
| Update on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies with FTY720 and sirolimus. | 2002 Feb |
|
| The immune modulator FTY720 targets sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. | 2002 Jun 14 |
|
| Oral efficacy of the new immunomodulator FTY720 in cynomolgus monkey kidney allotransplantation, given alone or in combination with cyclosporine or RAD. | 2002 Oct 15 |
|
| Renal transplantation: basic concepts and evolution of therapy. | 2003 |
|
| The immune modulator FYT720 prevents autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. | 2003 Apr |
|
| A novel immunosuppressive agent FTY720 induced Akt dephosphorylation in leukemia cells. | 2003 Apr |
|
| Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats by FTY720 treatment. | 2003 Apr |
|
| Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonism impairs the efficiency of the local immune response by altering trafficking of naive and antigen-activated CD4+ T cells. | 2003 Apr 1 |
|
| FTY720, an immunosuppressant that alters lymphocyte trafficking, abrogates chronic rejection in combination with cyclosporine A. | 2003 Apr 15 |
|
| Immunosuppression with FTY720 and cyclosporine A inhibits rejection of adult porcine islet xenografts in rats. | 2003 Apr 27 |
|
| Sphingosine 1-phosphate pathway therapeutics: a lipid ligand-receptor paradigm. | 2003 Aug |
|
| Current immunosuppressive agents: efficacy, side effects, and utilization. | 2003 Dec |
|
| Inhibition of Th1- and Th2-mediated airway inflammation by the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist FTY720. | 2003 Dec 1 |
|
| Pretreatment with FTY720 alone induced long-term survival of mouse heart allograft. | 2003 Feb |
|
| FTY720: A new kid on the block for transplant immunosuppression. | 2003 Jul |
|
| Pharmacodynamics of single doses of the novel immunosuppressant FTY720 in stable renal transplant patients. | 2003 Jul |
|
| Ubiquitin pathway proteins influence the mechanism of action of the novel immunosuppressive drug FTY720 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. | 2003 Jul 18 |
|
| Selective cancer cell apoptosis induced by FTY720; evidence for a Bcl-dependent pathway and impairment in ERK activity. | 2003 Jul-Aug |
|
| New paradigms in immunosuppression. | 2003 Jul-Sep |
|
| The effect of FTY 720 on engraftment in a model of spontaneous allograft acceptance. | 2003 Jun |
|
| Induction of apoptosis in human bladder cancer cells in vitro and in vivo caused by FTY720 treatment. | 2003 Jun |
|
| Elimination of cell-cycle regulators during caspase-3-dependent apoptosis caused by an immunosuppressant, FTY720. | 2003 Mar |
|
| Graft-versus-host disease can be separated from graft-versus-lymphoma effects by control of lymphocyte trafficking with FTY720. | 2003 Mar |
|
| FTY720 reduces T-cell recruitment into murine intestinal allograft and prevents activation of graft-infiltrating cells. | 2003 May 15 |
|
| Phosphorylation and action of the immunomodulator FTY720 inhibits vascular endothelial cell growth factor-induced vascular permeability. | 2003 Nov 21 |
|
| Significant prolongation of orthotopic corneal-graft survival in FTY720-treated mice. | 2003 Nov 27 |
|
| Phosphorylation of the immunomodulatory drug FTY720 by sphingosine kinases. | 2003 Nov 28 |
|
| The immunosuppressant FTY720 is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase type 2. | 2003 Nov 6 |
|
| [Study the mechanisms and inducing transplantation immune tolerance of FTY720]. | 2003 Oct |
|
| Pharmacodynamics of FTY720, the first member of a new class of immune-modulating therapeutics in transplantation medicine. | 2003 Oct |
|
| Egress: a receptor-regulated step in lymphocyte trafficking. | 2003 Oct |
|
| Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety of multiple doses of FTY720 in stable renal transplant patients: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase I study. | 2003 Oct 15 |
|
| FTY720 does not abrogate acute graft-versus-host disease in the dog leukocyte antigen-nonidentical unrelated canine model. | 2003 Oct 27 |
|
| FTY720, a new immunosuppressant, as rescue therapy in mouse cardiac transplantation. | 2003 Sep |
|
| Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor subtypes S1P1 and S1P3, respectively, regulate lymphocyte recirculation and heart rate. | 2004 Apr 2 |
|
| CD4+ CD25+ CD62+ T-regulatory cell subset has optimal suppressive and proliferative potential. | 2004 Jan |
|
| Pharmacologic immunosuppression. | 2004 Jan 1 |
|
| Lymphocyte egress from thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs is dependent on S1P receptor 1. | 2004 Jan 22 |
|
| The sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist FTY720 supports CXCR4-dependent migration and bone marrow homing of human CD34+ progenitor cells. | 2004 Jun 15 |
|
| FTY720-induced lymphocyte homing modulates post-transplant preservation/reperfusion injury. | 2004 Mar |
|
| FTY720 exerts differential effects on CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte subpopulations expressing chemokine and adhesion receptors. | 2004 Mar |
|
| The immunosuppressant FTY720 down-regulates sphingosine 1-phosphate G-protein-coupled receptors. | 2004 Mar |
|
| Immune cell regulation and cardiovascular effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonists in rodents are mediated via distinct receptor subtypes. | 2004 May |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
The recommended dose of GILENYA is 0.5 mg orally once-daily. Fingolimod doses higher than 0.5 mg are associated
with a greater incidence of adverse reactions without additional benefit. GILENYA can be taken with or without food.
Route of Administration:
Oral
Astrocytes derived from human fetal CNS specimens and maintained in dissociated cultures were exposed to 100 nM of the biologically active form of Fingolimod (FTY720) over a dosing regimen that ranged from a single exposure (with or without washout after 1 h) to daily exposures up to 5 days, a single addition of FTY720 inhibited subsequent S1PR ligand-induced pERK1/2 signaling for >24 h. Daily FTY720 treatments (3-5 days) maintained this effect together with a loss of proliferative responses to the natural ligand S1P. Repeated FTY720 dosing concurrently maintained a functional cell response as measured by the inhibition of intracellular calcium release when stimulated by the cytokine IL-1β. Recurrent FTY720 treatments did not inhibit serum- or IL-1β-induced pERK1/2.
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ACTIVE MOIETY
SUBSTANCE RECORD
