PRADEFOVIR

Details

Stereochemistry	ABSOLUTE
Molecular Formula	C17H19ClN5O4P
Molecular Weight	423.791
Optical Activity	UNSPECIFIED
Defined Stereocenters	2 / 2
E/Z Centers	0
Charge	0

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

NC1=C2N=CN(CCOC[P@@]3(=O)OCC[C@H](O3)C4=CC=CC(Cl)=C4)C2=NC=N1

InChI

InChIKey=GWNHAOBXDGOXRR-HJFSHJIFSA-N

InChI=1S/C17H19ClN5O4P/c18-13-3-1-2-12(8-13)14-4-6-26-28(24,27-14)11-25-7-5-23-10-22-15-16(19)20-9-21-17(15)23/h1-3,8-10,14H,4-7,11H2,(H2,19,20,21)/t14-,28+/m0/s1

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Description
Sources: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/021449s020lbl.pdf
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14498759 http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-0-387-49785-3_33

The potential antiviral effect of adefovir, an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analog of 2′-deoxyadenosine monophosphate, was first studied by Holý and De Clercq in 1980s. Adefovir is an acyclic nucleotide analog of adenosine monophosphate which is phosphorylated to the active metabolite adefovir diphosphate by cellular kinases. Adefovir diphosphate inhibits HBV DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) by competing with the natural substrate deoxyadenosine triphosphate and by causing DNA chain termination after its incorporation into viral DNA. Oral adefovir dipivoxil is effective and generally well tolerated in HBeAg-positive and -negative patients chronically infected with wild-type or lamivudine-resistant HBV.

CNS Activity

Originator

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Potency
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 14 Target ID: CHEMBL1743128 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23956101	Inhibitor 8297	133.0 µM [IC50]
Bile salt export pump 15 Target ID: CHEMBL6020 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23956101	Inhibitor 8297	46.0 µM [IC50]
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 21 Target ID: CHEMBL5748 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23956101	Inhibitor 8297	133.0 µM [IC50]
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2 8 Target ID: CHEMBL5918 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23956101	Inhibitor 8297	133.0 µM [IC50]
DNA polymerase/reverse transcriptase 10 Target ID: CHEMBL2362994 Sources: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/021449s020lbl.pdf	Inhibitor 8297	0.1 µM [Ki]

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Targets	Highest Phase	Product
Chronic hepatitis B 16 Sources: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/021449s020lbl.pdf	Primary		Approved 8429	HEPSERA Approved Use HEPSERA is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in patients 12 years of age and older with evidence of active viral replication and either evidence of persistent elevations in serum aminotransferases (ALT or AST) or histologically active disease. This indication is based on histological, virological, biochemical, and serological responses in adult patients with HBeAg+ and HBeAg- chronic hepatitis B with compensated liver function, and with clinical evidence of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus with either compensated or decompensated liver function. For patients 12 to <18 years of age, the indication is based on virological and biochemical responses in patients with HBeAg+ chronic hepatitis B virus infection with compensated liver function. HEPSERA is a nucleotide analogue indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in patients ≥12 years of age. (1) Launch Date 2002

C_max

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
18.4 ng/mL DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/021449s009lbl.pdf	10 mg single, oral dose: 10 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:		ADEFOVIR plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

AUC

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
220 ng × h/mL DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/021449s009lbl.pdf	10 mg single, oral dose: 10 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:		ADEFOVIR plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

T_1/2

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
7.48 h DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/021449s009lbl.pdf	10 mg single, oral dose: 10 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:		ADEFOVIR plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

F_unbound

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
96% DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/021449s009lbl.pdf	10 mg single, oral dose: 10 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:		ADEFOVIR plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

Doses

Dose	Population	Adverse events
10 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/	unhealthy, 12 - 17 years n = 15 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: chronic hepatitis B Age Group: 12 - 17 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 15 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/	Other AEs: Rhinorrhea, Sneezing... Other AEs: Rhinorrhea (1 patient) Sneezing (1 patient) Blister (1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/
0.3 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 0.3 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 0.3 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/	unhealthy, 2 - 6 years n = 13 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: chronic hepatitis B Age Group: 2 - 6 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 13 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/	Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/
0.3 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 0.3 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 0.3 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/	unhealthy, 7 - 11 years n = 19 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: chronic hepatitis B Age Group: 7 - 11 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 19 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/	Other AEs: Headache, Vertigo... Other AEs: Headache (1 patient) Vertigo (1 patient) Disturbance in attention (1 patient) Disorder eye (1 patient) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/

AEs

AE	Significance	Dose	Population
Blister	1 patient	10 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/	unhealthy, 12 - 17 years n = 15 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: chronic hepatitis B Age Group: 12 - 17 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 15 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/
Rhinorrhea	1 patient	10 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/	unhealthy, 12 - 17 years n = 15 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: chronic hepatitis B Age Group: 12 - 17 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 15 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/
Sneezing	1 patient	10 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 10 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/	unhealthy, 12 - 17 years n = 15 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: chronic hepatitis B Age Group: 12 - 17 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 15 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/
Disorder eye	1 patient	0.3 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 0.3 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 0.3 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/	unhealthy, 7 - 11 years n = 19 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: chronic hepatitis B Age Group: 7 - 11 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 19 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/
Disturbance in attention	1 patient	0.3 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 0.3 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 0.3 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/	unhealthy, 7 - 11 years n = 19 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: chronic hepatitis B Age Group: 7 - 11 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 19 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/
Headache	1 patient	0.3 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 0.3 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 0.3 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/	unhealthy, 7 - 11 years n = 19 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: chronic hepatitis B Age Group: 7 - 11 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 19 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/
Vertigo	1 patient	0.3 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 0.3 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 0.3 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/	unhealthy, 7 - 11 years n = 19 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: chronic hepatitis B Age Group: 7 - 11 years Sex: M+F Population Size: 19 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276803/

Overview

CYP3A4	CYP2C9	CYP2D6	hERG
inhibitor 1587 substrate 1737	inhibitor 1767 substrate 1037	inhibitor 1852 substrate 1217

OverviewOther

Other Inhibitor	Other Substrate	Other Inducer
CYP1A2 1524 CYP2C19 1478 P-gp 1461	OAT1 326 OCT2 355 MRP4 77 CYP1A2 1054 CYP2C19 991 P-gp 1537	CYP 76

Drug as perpetrator

Target	Modality	Activity
CYP 147	inducer 1573 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2002/21-449_Hepsera_biopharmr_P1.pdf Page: 6, 16	inconclusive
P-gp 1650	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2002/21-449_Hepsera_biopharmr_P2.pdf Page: 26.0	inconclusive
CYP1A2 1692	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2002/21-449_Hepsera_biopharmr_P1.pdf Page: 15.0	no
CYP2C19 1553	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2002/21-449_Hepsera_biopharmr_P1.pdf Page: 15.0	no
CYP2C9 1819	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2002/21-449_Hepsera_biopharmr_P1.pdf Page: 15.0	no
CYP2D6 1891	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2002/21-449_Hepsera_biopharmr_P1.pdf Page: 15.0	no
CYP3A4 1925	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2002/21-449_Hepsera_biopharmr_P1.pdf Page: 15.0	no

Drug as victim

Target	Modality	Activity
P-gp 1537	substrate 3367 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2002/21-449_Hepsera_biopharmr_P2.pdf Page: 26.0	inconclusive
CYP1A2 1054	substrate 3367 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2002/21-449_Hepsera_biopharmr_P1.pdf Page: 15.0	no
CYP2C19 991	substrate 3367 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2002/21-449_Hepsera_biopharmr_P1.pdf Page: 15.0	no
CYP2C9 1037	substrate 3367 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2002/21-449_Hepsera_biopharmr_P1.pdf Page: 15.0	no
CYP2D6 1217	substrate 3367 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2002/21-449_Hepsera_biopharmr_P1.pdf Page: 15.0	no
CYP3A4 1737	substrate 3367 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2002/21-449_Hepsera_biopharmr_P1.pdf Page: 15.0	no
OCT2 355	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16454695/	no
MRP4 77	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16454695/	yes
OAT1 326	substrate 3367 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16454695/	yes

Sourcing

Vendor/Aggregator	ID	URL
ChEBI	CHEBI:2469	https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:2469
ChemicalBook	CB2698137	https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB2698137
ZINC	ZINC000021297308	http://zinc15.docking.org/substances/ZINC000021297308
eMolecules	901335	https://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/more?vid=901335

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
Intracellular metabolism and mechanism of anti-retrovirus action of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, a potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus compound.	1991 Feb 15	1705039
Herpes simplex virus-specified DNA polymerase is the target for the antiviral action of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine.	1991 Jan 5	1845964
Early therapy of feline leukemia virus infection (FeLV-FAIDS) with 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA).	1991 Jul	1663730
9-[(2RS)-3-fluoro-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl] derivatives of purines: a class of highly selective antiretroviral agents in vitro and in vivo.	1991 Jun 1	1711214
Chemotherapy of feline immunodeficiency virus infection.	1991 Nov 15	1666108
Synthesis and antiviral activity of methyl derivatives of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]guanine.	1992 Aug 7	1323678
In vitro selection and molecular characterization of human immunodeficiency virus-1 resistant to non-nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase.	1992 Mar	1372083
Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a phosphonate prodrug: bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine.	1992 Sep	1332606
In vitro activity of potential anti-poxvirus agents.	2003 Jan	12615301
Evaluation of nucleoside phosphonates and their analogs and prodrugs for inhibition of orthopoxvirus replication.	2003 Jul	12821467
Characterization of the transport of nucleoside analog drugs by the human multidrug resistance proteins MRP4 and MRP5.	2003 May	12695538
Nickel(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes of 9-[2- (phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]-8-azaadenine (9,8aPMEA), the 8-aza derivative of the antiviral nucleotide analogue 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl] adenine (PMEA). Quantification of four isomeric species in aqueous solution.	2004	18365084
Phosphorothioate di- and trinucleotides as a novel class of anti-hepatitis B virus agents.	2004 Jun	15155222
In vitro selection of drug-resistant varicella-zoster virus (VZV) mutants (OKA strain): differences between acyclovir and penciclovir?	2004 Mar	15168799
A novel class of phosphonate nucleosides. 9-[(1-phosphonomethoxycyclopropyl)methyl]guanine as a potent and selective anti-HBV agent.	2004 May 20	15139764
Cross-resistance testing of next-generation nucleoside and nucleotide analogues against lamivudine-resistant HBV.	2005	16152756
Novel acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues with potent anti-hepatitis B virus activities.	2005 Mar	15728921
In vitro activity of structurally diverse nucleoside analogs against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with the K65R mutation in reverse transcriptase.	2005 Mar	15728915
Spectrum of antiviral activity of o-(acetoxyphenyl)hept-2-ynyl sulphide (APHS).	2005 May	15848298
Introduction to chronic hepatitis B infection.	2006	16448446
In vitro comparison of antiviral drugs against feline herpesvirus 1.	2006 Apr 26	16640781
Inhibition of human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 activities by adefovir and tenofovir.	2006 Dec	17162464
The flounder organic anion transporter fOat has sequence, function, and substrate specificity similarity to both mammalian Oat1 and Oat3.	2006 Dec	16857889
Synthesis, in vitro antiviral evaluation, and stability studies of novel alpha-borano-nucleotide analogues of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine and (R)-9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine.	2006 Dec 28	17181162
In vivo effects of antiviral acyclic nucleoside phosphonate 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (adefovir) on cytochrome P450 system of rat liver microsomes.	2006 May	16416053
Improved outcome of chronic hepatitis B after heart transplantation by long-term antiviral therapy.	2006 Nov	17052272
Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of alkoxyalkyl esters of acyclic purine and pyrimidine nucleoside phosphonates against HIV-1 in vitro.	2006 Oct	16630664
Favorable outcome of liver transplantation despite a high hepatitis B virus replication: beyond the limits?	2006 Sep	16913979
Decompensated lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis treated successfully with adefovir dipivoxil allowing surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma.	2007	17409599
Sequential emergence and clinical implications of viral mutants with K70E and K65R mutation in reverse transcriptase during prolonged tenofovir monotherapy in rhesus macaques with chronic RT-SHIV infection.	2007 Apr 6	17417971
Successful treatment of an entecavir-resistant hepatitis B virus variant.	2007 Dec	17935165
Pronounced in vitro and in vivo antiretroviral activity of 5-substituted 2,4-diamino-6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethoxy] pyrimidines.	2007 Jan	17124193
Design and synthesis of novel bis(L-amino acid) ester prodrugs of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA) with improved anti-HBV activity.	2007 Jan 15	17074481
Substrate overlap between Mrp4 and Abcg2/Bcrp affects purine analogue drug cytotoxicity and tissue distribution.	2007 Jul 15	17638908
Redetection of HBV lamivudine-resistant mutations in a patient under entecavir therapy, who had been treated sequentially with nucleos(t)ide analogues.	2007 Nov	17854030
Some new acyclic nucleotide analogues as antiviral prodrugs: synthesis and bioactivities in vitro.	2007 Nov 15	17888662
Secretion of antiretroviral chemokines by human cells cultured with acyclic nucleoside phosphonates.	2007 Nov 21	17716649
In vitro drug susceptibility analysis of hepatitis B virus clinical quasispecies populations.	2007 Oct	17687019
Combination therapy in liver transplant recipients with hepatitis B virus without hepatitis B immune globulin.	2007 Oct	17404847
Side-effects of cidofovir in the treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.	2008 Aug	18458927
Prophylaxsis against recurrance of hepatitis B virus after liver transplantation: a retrospective analysis spanning 20 years.	2008 Jan	17983429
Living donor liver transplantation for hepatitis B associated liver diseases: a 10-year experience in a single center.	2008 Jul-Aug	18795708
The human multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4, ABCC4): functional analysis of a highly polymorphic gene.	2008 Jun	18364470
[Factors affecting initial virologic response and emergence of resistant mutants after adefovir treatment in lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B patients].	2008 Mar	18367858
Short-term overlap lamivudine treatment with adefovir dipivoxil in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B.	2008 Mar 21	18350610
Permeation enhancer dodecyl 6-(dimethylamino)hexanoate increases transdermal and topical delivery of adefovir: influence of pH, ion-pairing and skin species.	2008 Nov	18675907
Gene induction for the treatment of methylmalonic aciduria.	2009 Apr	19199343
Telbivudine, a nucleoside analog inhibitor of HBV polymerase, has a different in vitro cross-resistance profile than the nucleotide analog inhibitors adefovir and tenofovir.	2009 Feb	19028525
Renal side effects of adefovir in hepatitis B virus-(HBV) positive kidney allograft recipients.	2009 Jan	19203548
Association of lamivudine-resistant mutational patterns with the antiviral effect of adefovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B.	2009 Mar	19152409

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

One tablet containing 10 mg adefovir dipivoxil once daily orally

Route of Administration: Oral

In Vitro Use Guide

The concentration of adefovir that inhibited 50% of viral DNA synthesis (EC50) in HBV transfected human hepatoma cell lines ranged from 0.2 to 2.5 uM.

Name

Type

Language

PRADEFOVIR

Official Name

English

Pradefovir [WHO-DD]

Common Name

English

pradefovir [INN]

Common Name

English

Classification Tree Code System Code

NCI_THESAURUS

C281