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Details

Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula C24H29N7O2
Molecular Weight 447.5328
Optical Activity NONE
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of PALBOCICLIB

SMILES

CC(=O)C1=C(C)C2=CN=C(NC3=NC=C(C=C3)N4CCNCC4)N=C2N(C5CCCC5)C1=O

InChI

InChIKey=AHJRHEGDXFFMBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C24H29N7O2/c1-15-19-14-27-24(28-20-8-7-18(13-26-20)30-11-9-25-10-12-30)29-22(19)31(17-5-3-4-6-17)23(33)21(15)16(2)32/h7-8,13-14,17,25H,3-6,9-12H2,1-2H3,(H,26,27,28,29)

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Description
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB09073

Palbociclib is an oral, reversible, selective, small-molecule inhibitor of CDK4 and CDK6 indicated in combination with letrozole for the treatment of postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced breast cancer as initial endocrine-based therapy for their metastatic disease. CDK4 and CDK6 along with their regulatory partner cyclin D1 play a key role in regulating the G1- to S-phase cell-cycle transition via regulation of phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. Inhibition of these proteins leads to reduced phosphorylation of Rb, inhibition of downstream signalling, and increased tumor growth arrest. Palbociclib received an accelerated approval from the Food and Drug Administration on February 3, 2015. Palbociclib is marketed under the trade name Ibrance. IBRANCE is a kinase inhibitor indicated in combination with letrozole for the treatment of postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced breast cancer as initial endocrine-based therapy for their metastatic disease.

Originator

Curator's Comment: # Onyx Pharmaceuticals; Pfizer

Approval Year

TargetsConditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Primary
IBRANCE

Approved Use

IBRANCE is indicated in combination with letrozole for the treatment of postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced breast cancer as initial endocrine-based therapy for their metastatic disease. This indication is approved under accelerated approval based on progression-free survival (PFS)

Launch Date

2015
Cmax

Cmax

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
104.1 ng/mL
125 mg single, oral
dose: 125 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
PALBOCICLIB plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: FASTED
AUC

AUC

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
2483 ng × h/mL
125 mg single, oral
dose: 125 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
PALBOCICLIB plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: FASTED
T1/2

T1/2

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
23.9 h
125 mg single, oral
dose: 125 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
PALBOCICLIB plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: FASTED
Doses

Doses

DosePopulationAdverse events​
150 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral
Highest studied dose
Dose: 150 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 150 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
unhealthy, 54 years (range: 22–77 years)
n = 3
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 54 years (range: 22–77 years)
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 3
Sources:
125 mg 1 times / day steady, oral
MTD|RP2D
Dose: 125 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: steady
Dose: 125 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
unhealthy, 54 years (range: 22–77 years)
n = 22
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 54 years (range: 22–77 years)
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 22
Sources:
DLT: Neutropenia...
Dose limiting toxicities:
Neutropenia (grade 3, 1 patient)
Sources:
150 mg 1 times / day steady, oral
Dose: 150 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: steady
Dose: 150 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
unhealthy, 54 years (range: 22–77 years)
n = 3
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 54 years (range: 22–77 years)
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 3
Sources:
DLT: Neutropenia...
Dose limiting toxicities:
Neutropenia (grade 3-4, 2 patients)
Sources:
75 mg 1 times / day steady, oral
Dose: 75 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: steady
Dose: 75 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
unhealthy, 54 years (range: 22–77 years)
n = 7
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 54 years (range: 22–77 years)
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 7
Sources:
DLT: Neutropenia...
Dose limiting toxicities:
Neutropenia (grade 3-4, 2 patients)
Sources:
125 mg 1 times / day steady, oral
Recommended
Dose: 125 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: steady
Dose: 125 mg, 1 times / day
Co-administed with::
letrozole(2.5 mg/day)
Sources:
unhealthy, 63 years (range: 38 - 89 years)
n = 83
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 63 years (range: 38 - 89 years)
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 83
Sources:
Disc. AE: Neutropenia, Asthenia...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Neutropenia (6%)
Asthenia (1%)
Fatigue (1%)
Sources:
200 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral
Overdose
Dose: 200 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 200 mg, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: p. 112
unhealthy, adult
n = 1
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: adult
Population Size: 1
Sources: Page: p. 112
Other AEs: Nausea, Vomiting...
Other AEs:
Nausea (1 patient)
Vomiting (1 patient)
Dizziness (1 patient)
Sources: Page: p. 112
250 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral
Overdose
Dose: 250 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 250 mg, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: p. 112
unhealthy, adult
n = 1
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: adult
Population Size: 1
Sources: Page: p. 112
Disc. AE: Neutropenia...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Neutropenia (grade 4, 1 patient)
Sources: Page: p. 112
AEs

AEs

AESignificanceDosePopulation
Neutropenia grade 3, 1 patient
DLT
125 mg 1 times / day steady, oral
MTD|RP2D
Dose: 125 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: steady
Dose: 125 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
unhealthy, 54 years (range: 22–77 years)
n = 22
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 54 years (range: 22–77 years)
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 22
Sources:
Neutropenia grade 3-4, 2 patients
DLT
150 mg 1 times / day steady, oral
Dose: 150 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: steady
Dose: 150 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
unhealthy, 54 years (range: 22–77 years)
n = 3
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 54 years (range: 22–77 years)
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 3
Sources:
Neutropenia grade 3-4, 2 patients
DLT
75 mg 1 times / day steady, oral
Dose: 75 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: steady
Dose: 75 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
unhealthy, 54 years (range: 22–77 years)
n = 7
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 54 years (range: 22–77 years)
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 7
Sources:
Asthenia 1%
Disc. AE
125 mg 1 times / day steady, oral
Recommended
Dose: 125 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: steady
Dose: 125 mg, 1 times / day
Co-administed with::
letrozole(2.5 mg/day)
Sources:
unhealthy, 63 years (range: 38 - 89 years)
n = 83
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 63 years (range: 38 - 89 years)
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 83
Sources:
Fatigue 1%
Disc. AE
125 mg 1 times / day steady, oral
Recommended
Dose: 125 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: steady
Dose: 125 mg, 1 times / day
Co-administed with::
letrozole(2.5 mg/day)
Sources:
unhealthy, 63 years (range: 38 - 89 years)
n = 83
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 63 years (range: 38 - 89 years)
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 83
Sources:
Neutropenia 6%
Disc. AE
125 mg 1 times / day steady, oral
Recommended
Dose: 125 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: steady
Dose: 125 mg, 1 times / day
Co-administed with::
letrozole(2.5 mg/day)
Sources:
unhealthy, 63 years (range: 38 - 89 years)
n = 83
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 63 years (range: 38 - 89 years)
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 83
Sources:
Dizziness 1 patient
200 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral
Overdose
Dose: 200 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 200 mg, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: p. 112
unhealthy, adult
n = 1
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: adult
Population Size: 1
Sources: Page: p. 112
Nausea 1 patient
200 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral
Overdose
Dose: 200 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 200 mg, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: p. 112
unhealthy, adult
n = 1
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: adult
Population Size: 1
Sources: Page: p. 112
Vomiting 1 patient
200 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral
Overdose
Dose: 200 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 200 mg, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: p. 112
unhealthy, adult
n = 1
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: adult
Population Size: 1
Sources: Page: p. 112
Neutropenia grade 4, 1 patient
Disc. AE
250 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral
Overdose
Dose: 250 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 250 mg, 1 times / day
Sources: Page: p. 112
unhealthy, adult
n = 1
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: adult
Population Size: 1
Sources: Page: p. 112
OverviewDrug as perpetrator​

Drug as perpetrator​

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
no [IC50 >30 uM]
no [IC50 >30 uM]
no [IC50 >30 uM]
no [IC50 >30 uM]
no [IC50 >30 uM]
no [IC50 >30 uM]
no [IC50 >30 uM]
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
weak
Drug as victimTox targets

Tox targets

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
Primary care pediatrics vs. family practice: a nonissue.
1983 Aug
Specific inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 by PD 0332991 and associated antitumor activity in human tumor xenografts.
2004 Nov
Discovery of a potent and selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6.
2005 Apr 7
Targeting the cell division cycle in cancer: CDK and cell cycle checkpoint kinase inhibitors.
2005 Aug
A novel orally active small molecule potently induces G1 arrest in primary myeloma cells and prevents tumor growth by specific inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6.
2006 Aug 1
Toward understanding the structural basis of cyclin-dependent kinase 6 specific inhibition.
2006 Jun 29
Pharmacologic inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 activity arrests proliferation in myoblasts and rhabdomyosarcoma-derived cells.
2006 May
Mantle cell lymphoma cells express predominantly cyclin D1a isoform and are highly sensitive to selective inhibition of CDK4 kinase activity.
2006 Sep 1
Expression of p16Ink4a compensates for p18Ink4c loss in cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6-dependent tumors and tissues.
2007 May 15
Pharmacologic inhibition of CDK4/6: mechanistic evidence for selective activity or acquired resistance in acute myeloid leukemia.
2007 Sep 15
A novel therapeutic combination using PD 0332991 and bortezomib: study in the 5T33MM myeloma model.
2008 Jul 15
CDK inhibitors as potential breast cancer therapeutics: new evidence for enhanced efficacy in ER+ disease.
2009
Advancing bioluminescence imaging technology for the evaluation of anticancer agents in the MDA-MB-435-HAL-Luc mammary fat pad and subrenal capsule tumor models.
2009 Jan 1
Treatment of growing teratoma syndrome.
2009 Jan 22
Stem cell factor and interleukin-2/15 combine to enhance MAPK-mediated proliferation of human natural killer cells.
2009 Mar 19
Epigenetic silencing of the tumor suppressor microRNA Hsa-miR-124a regulates CDK6 expression and confers a poor prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
2009 May 15
Pharmacologic inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 arrests the growth of glioblastoma multiforme intracranial xenografts.
2010 Apr 15
[CDK4, a specific target in the treatment of lung adenocarcinomas mutated for KRAS].
2010 Dec
A synthetic lethal interaction between K-Ras oncogenes and Cdk4 unveils a therapeutic strategy for non-small cell lung carcinoma.
2010 Jul 13
Therapeutic CDK4/6 inhibition in breast cancer: key mechanisms of response and failure.
2010 Jul 15
Pattern of retinoblastoma pathway inactivation dictates response to CDK4/6 inhibition in GBM.
2010 Jun 22
Proliferative suppression by CDK4/6 inhibition: complex function of the retinoblastoma pathway in liver tissue and hepatoma cells.
2010 May
RB-pathway disruption in breast cancer: differential association with disease subtypes, disease-specific prognosis and therapeutic response.
2010 Oct 15
A bioinformatical and functional approach to identify novel strategies for chemoprevention of colorectal cancer.
2011 Apr 28
Early G₁ cyclin-dependent kinases as prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets in esophageal adenocarcinoma.
2011 Jul 1
Therapeutically activating RB: reestablishing cell cycle control in endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancer.
2011 Jun
Phase I study of PD 0332991, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, administered in 3-week cycles (Schedule 2/1).
2011 Jun 7
Expression of p16 and retinoblastoma determines response to CDK4/6 inhibition in ovarian cancer.
2011 Mar 15
A systematic screen for CDK4/6 substrates links FOXM1 phosphorylation to senescence suppression in cancer cells.
2011 Nov 15
Retinoblastoma protein modulates the inverse relationship between cellular proliferation and elastogenesis.
2011 Oct 21
Phase I, dose-escalation trial of the oral cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor PD 0332991, administered using a 21-day schedule in patients with advanced cancer.
2012 Jan 15
CDK4/6 inhibition antagonizes the cytotoxic response to anthracycline therapy.
2012 Jul 15
Selective CDK4/6 inhibition with tumor responses by PD0332991 in patients with mantle cell lymphoma.
2012 May 17
Therapeutic targeting of the cyclin D3:CDK4/6 complex in T cell leukemia.
2012 Oct 16
Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 6 suppresses cell proliferation and enhances radiation sensitivity in medulloblastoma cells.
2013 Jan
Phase II trial of the CDK4 inhibitor PD0332991 in patients with advanced CDK4-amplified well-differentiated or dedifferentiated liposarcoma.
2013 Jun 1
Induction of prolonged early G1 arrest by CDK4/CDK6 inhibition reprograms lymphoma cells for durable PI3Kδ inhibition through PIK3IP1.
2013 Jun 15
MLL fusion-driven activation of CDK6 potentiates proliferation in MLL-rearranged infant ALL.
2014
[Effect of PD0332991 on biological activity of hematopoietic stem cells in mice].
2014 Feb
Synergism of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors with camptothecin derivatives in small cell lung cancer cell lines.
2014 Feb 17
CDK4/6 inhibition provides a potent adjunct to Her2-targeted therapies in preclinical breast cancer models.
2014 Jul
CDK4/6 and IGF1 receptor inhibitors synergize to suppress the growth of p16INK4A-deficient pancreatic cancers.
2014 Jul 15
Palbociclib: first global approval.
2015 Apr
The cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in combination with letrozole versus letrozole alone as first-line treatment of oestrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative, advanced breast cancer (PALOMA-1/TRIO-18): a randomised phase 2 study.
2015 Jan
Palbociclib Extends Survival in Advanced Breast Cancer.
2015 Jul
Palbociclib in Hormone-Receptor-Positive Advanced Breast Cancer.
2015 Jul 16
CDK 4/6 inhibitor palbociclib (PD0332991) in Rb+ advanced breast cancer: phase II activity, safety, and predictive biomarker assessment.
2015 Mar 1
Phase 2 trial of the cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in patients with retinoblastoma protein-expressing germ cell tumors.
2015 May 1
Patents

Sample Use Guides

IBRANCE capsules (Palbociclib) are taken orally with food in combination with letrozole. Recommended starting dose: 125 mg once daily taken with food for 21 days followed by 7 days off treatment
Route of Administration: Oral
Palbociclib (100 nM) significantly blocks phoshorylation of pRb (phospho-Rb) at serine 780 in sensitive human breast cancer cell lines (IC50 < 150 nM).
Name Type Language
PALBOCICLIB
DASH   INN   USAN   WHO-DD  
INN   USAN  
Official Name English
Palbociclib [WHO-DD]
Common Name English
PALBOCICLIB [MI]
Common Name English
6-ACETYL-8-CYCLOPENTYL-5-METHYL-2-((5-(PIPERAZIN-1-YL)PYRIDIN-2-YL)AMINO)-8H-PYRIDO(2,3-D)PYRIMIDIN-7-ONE
Systematic Name English
IBRANCE
Brand Name English
PYRIDO(2,3-D)PYRIMIDIN-7(8H)-ONE, 6-ACETYL-8-CYCLOPENTYL-5-METHYL-2-((5-(1-PIPERAZINYL)-2-PYRIDINYL)AMINO)-
Systematic Name English
6-ACETYL-8-CYCLOPENTYL-5-METHYL-2-((5-(PIPERAZIN-1-YL)PYRIDIN-2-YL)AMINO(PYRIDO(2,3-D)PYRIMIDIN-7(8H)-ONE
Common Name English
PALBOCICLIB [USAN]
Common Name English
PALBOCICLIB [JAN]
Common Name English
PD-0332991
Code English
palbociclib [INN]
Common Name English
PALBOCICLIB [ORANGE BOOK]
Common Name English
Classification Tree Code System Code
WHO-ATC L01XE33
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
FDA ORPHAN DRUG 781420
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
NCI_THESAURUS C2185
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
NCI_THESAURUS C129825
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
NDF-RT N0000175605
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
Code System Code Type Description
FDA UNII
G9ZF61LE7G
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
MERCK INDEX
m11849
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
EVMPD
SUB177204
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
CHEBI
85993
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
NDF-RT
N0000175082
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY Kinase Inhibitors [MoA]
EPA CompTox
DTXSID40972590
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
NCI_THESAURUS
C49176
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
ChEMBL
CHEMBL189963
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
NDF-RT
N0000190114
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY Cytochrome P450 3A Inhibitors [MoA]
RXCUI
1601374
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY RxNorm
USAN
ZZ-152
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
SMS_ID
100000163078
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
PUBCHEM
5330286
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
DAILYMED
G9ZF61LE7G
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
INN
9802
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
WIKIPEDIA
Palbociclib
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
LACTMED
Palbociclib
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
CAS
571190-30-2
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
DRUG CENTRAL
4941
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
DRUG BANK
DB09073
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
IUPHAR
7380
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 19:38:50 GMT 2023
PRIMARY