Details
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Molecular Formula | C10H10ClO3.Na |
| Molecular Weight | 236.627 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[Na+].CC(C)(OC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1)C([O-])=O
InChI
InChIKey=MAUQVQSXTOZPSX-UHFFFAOYSA-M
InChI=1S/C10H11ClO3.Na/c1-10(2,9(12)13)14-8-5-3-7(11)4-6-8;/h3-6H,1-2H3,(H,12,13);/q;+1/p-1
Clofibrate is a fibric acid derivative used to lower cholesterol and triglyceride (fat-like substances) levels in the blood. This may help prevent medical problems caused by such substances clogging the blood vessels. However, this treatment was discontinued in 2002 due to adverse effects. Clofibrate is an agonist of the PPAR-α receptor in muscle, liver, and other tissues. This agonism ultimately leads to modification in gene expression resulting in increased beta-oxidation, decreased triglyceride secretion, increased HDL, and increased lipoprotein lipase activity. Clofibrate increased the activity of extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase (LL), thereby increasing lipoprotein triglyceride lipolysis, inhibited the synthesis, and increases the clearance of apolipoprotein B, a carrier molecule for VLDL. In addition, clofibrate was investigated as a novel therapy agent in multiple myeloma and it shown the promising results.
Approval Year
Targets
| Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
|---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL239 |
50.0 µM [EC50] | ||
Target ID: Q7RTX0 Gene ID: 83756.0 Gene Symbol: TAS1R3 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) |
28.0 µM [IC50] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL239 |
Conditions
| Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | ATROMID-S Approved UseUnknown Launch Date1967 |
|||
| Primary | Unknown Approved UseUnknown |
Cmax
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
216 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7550835/ |
100 mg/kg single, oral dose: 100 mg/kg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CLOFIBRIC ACID plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: NEWBORN sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
30649 μg × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7550835/ |
100 mg/kg single, oral dose: 100 mg/kg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CLOFIBRIC ACID plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: NEWBORN sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
T1/2
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
103.1 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7550835/ |
100 mg/kg single, oral dose: 100 mg/kg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
CLOFIBRIC ACID plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: NEWBORN sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Dose-dependent induction of carcinomas and glutathione S-transferase placental form negative eosinophilic foci in the rat liver by di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate after diethylnitrosamine initiation. | 1999 Aug |
|
| The slow induction of resistant hepatocytes during initiation of hepatocarcinogenesis by the nongenotoxic carcinogen clofibrate. | 1999 Dec |
|
| Analysis of cytochrome P450 and phase II conjugating enzyme expression in adult male rat hepatocytes. | 1999 Mar |
|
| Mitochondrial damage by the "pro-oxidant" peroxisomal proliferator clofibrate. | 1999 Nov |
|
| The relationship between decrease in Cx32 and induction of P450 isozymes in the early phase of clofibrate hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat. | 1999 Sep |
|
| Hypophysectomy and/or peroxisome proliferators strongly influence the levels of phase II xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in rat testis. | 1999 Sep 30 |
|
| Acyl-CoA thioesterases belong to a novel gene family of peroxisome proliferator-regulated enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. | 2000 |
|
| Stimulation by eicosapentaenoic acids of leptin mRNA expression and its secretion in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro. | 2000 Apr 13 |
|
| Tg.AC genetically altered mouse: assay working group overview of available data. | 2001 |
|
| WY-14,643 and other agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor reveal a new mode of action for salicylic acid in soybean disease resistance. | 2001 Apr |
|
| Cytochrome P450 1A1 and 4A activities in isolated rat spleen lymphocytes. | 2001 Apr |
|
| Stimulatory effect of clofibrate on the action of estradiol in the mammary gland but not in the uterus of rats. | 2001 Apr |
|
| PPARalpha-dependent induction of liver microsomal esterification of estradiol and testosterone by a prototypical peroxisome proliferator. | 2001 Aug |
|
| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) agonist, WY-14,643, increased transcription of myosin light chain-2 in cardiomyocytes. | 2001 Dec |
|
| The use of fibrates and of statins in preventing atherosclerosis in diabetes. | 2001 Dec |
|
| Detection of DNA adducts using a quantitative long PCR technique and the fluorogenic 5' nuclease assay (TaqMan). | 2001 Dec 12 |
|
| The transcription of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha gene is regulated by protein kinase C. | 2001 Dec 15 |
|
| Major clofibrate effects on liver and plasma lipids are independent of changes in polyunsaturated fatty acid composition induced by dietary fat. | 2001 Feb |
|
| The transcriptional and DNA binding activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha is inhibited by ethanol metabolism. A novel mechanism for the development of ethanol-induced fatty liver. | 2001 Jan 5 |
|
| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs): novel therapeutic targets in renal disease. | 2001 Jul |
|
| Unique gene expression patterns in liver and kidney associated with exposure to chemical toxicants. | 2001 Jun |
|
| Characterization of the promoter region of the human peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 gene. | 2001 Jun 1 |
|
| [Overviews of fibrate]. | 2001 Mar |
|
| Allosteric modification of oxygen delivery by hemoglobin. | 2001 Mar |
|
| Cytochrome p450-dependent metabolism of trichloroethylene in rat kidney. | 2001 Mar |
|
| The expression of PPAR-associated genes is modulated through postnatal development of PPAR subtypes in the small intestine. | 2001 Mar 30 |
|
| Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors as physiological sensors of fatty acid metabolism: molecular regulation in peroxisomes. | 2001 May |
|
| Modulation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) by PPAR activators in human preadipocytes. | 2001 May |
|
| Contribution of CYP1A2 in the hepatic metabolism of melatonin: studies with isolated microsomal preparations and liver slices. | 2001 Nov |
|
| A systematic gene expression screen of Caenorhabditis elegans cytochrome P450 genes reveals CYP35 as strongly xenobiotic inducible. | 2001 Nov 15 |
|
| Autoantibodies to lipids in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. | 2001 Oct |
|
| Mechanism of clofibrate hepatotoxicity: mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress in hepatocytes. | 2001 Sep 1 |
|
| Eighth World Congress of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine, 28 October-1 November 2001, Sydney, Australia: Harm minimization and effective risk management. | 2002 Feb |
|
| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands as antiatherogenic agents: panacea or another Pandora's box? | 2002 Jan |
|
| CYP1A-mediated metabolism of the Janus kinase-3 inhibitor 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline: structural basis for inactivation by regioselective O-demethylation. | 2002 Jan |
|
| PPARgamma ligands suppress proliferation of human urothelial basal cells in vitro. | 2002 Jun |
|
| Potentiation of TNF-alpha-stimulated group IIA phospholipase A(2) expression by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activators in rat mesangial cells. | 2002 Mar |
|
| Effect of clofibrate administration on the esterification and deesterification of steroid hormones by liver and extrahepatic tissues in rats. | 2002 Mar 1 |
|
| Myopathy and rhabdomyolysis with lipid-lowering drugs. | 2002 Mar 10 |
|
| Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) in activated human astrocytes, but not in human brain macrophages. | 2002 May 1 |
Sample Use Guides
For oral dosage form (capsules): for high cholesterol: adults—1.5 to 2 grams a day. This is divided into two to four doses. Children—Dose must be determined by doctor.
Route of Administration:
Oral
The antitumor apoptotic effect of clofibrate at doses ranging from 0.1-600 μM was investigated on four human and one murine myeloma cell lines, as well as in two human lymphoma cell lines, using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium-bromide assay. Clofibrate significantly reduced cell viability in all tested myeloma and lymphoma cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, while healthy cells were hardly affected.
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7314-47-8
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DTXSID00223398
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23696751
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230-776-8
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PARENT (SALT/SOLVATE)
SUBSTANCE RECORD
