Details
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Molecular Formula | Ti |
Molecular Weight | 47.867 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[Ti]
InChI
InChIKey=RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/Ti
DescriptionCurator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503414
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503414
Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO
2. When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally it is sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of applications, from paint to sunscreen to food coloring. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171. World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million metric tons. Titanium dioxide has excellent ultraviolet (UV) resistant qualities and acts as a UV absorbent. In the pharmaceutical industry, titanium dioxide is used in most sunscreens to block UVA and UVB rays, similar to zinc oxide. It is also commonly used as pigment for pharmaceutical products such as gelatin capsules, tablet coatings and syrups. In the cosmetics industry, it is used in toothpaste, lipsticks, creams, ointments and powders. It can be used as an opacifier to make pigments opaque. The FDA has approved the safety of titanium dioxide for use as a colorant in food, drugs and cosmetics, including sunscreens. However, controversy exists as to the safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles used in the cosmetics industry, for example in sunscreens. Titanium and zinc oxides may be made into the nanoparticle size (0.2-100 nanometers) to reduce the white appearance when applied topically, but retain the UV blocking properties. Recent studies suggest titanium dioxide nanoparticles may be toxic, although further research is needed.
CNS Activity
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503414
Curator's Comment: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf
Originator
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
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Target ID: ultraviolet induced damage Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503257 |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
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Preventing | ANTHELIOS 40 Approved UseUnknown Launch Date1.20692159E12 |
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Primary | Unknown Approved UseUnknown |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
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Increased expression of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase in rat lungs after inhalation of inflammatory and fibrogenic minerals. | 1994 Mar |
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Cytokine and prostaglandin E2 release from leukocytes in response to metal ions derived from different prosthetic materials: an in vitro study. | 1999 Dec |
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The effects of particulate wear debris, cytokines, and growth factors on the functions of MG-63 osteoblasts. | 2001 Feb |
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Chemokine gene activation in human bone marrow-derived osteoblasts following exposure to particulate wear debris. | 2006 Apr |
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Pulmonary exposure to particles during pregnancy causes increased neonatal asthma susceptibility. | 2008 Jan |
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Differential binding of inorganic particles to MARCO. | 2009 Jan |
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Induction of chronic inflammation in mice treated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles by intratracheal instillation. | 2009 Jun 16 |
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Airway exposure to silica-coated TiO2 nanoparticles induces pulmonary neutrophilia in mice. | 2010 Feb |
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Engineered nanomaterials cause cytotoxicity and activation on mouse antigen presenting cells. | 2010 Jan 12 |
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Pulmonary response to surface-coated nanotitanium dioxide particles includes induction of acute phase response genes, inflammatory cascades, and changes in microRNAs: a toxicogenomic study. | 2011 Jul |
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Titanium oxide shell coatings decrease the cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles. | 2011 Mar 21 |
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Safety evaluation of sunscreen formulations containing titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in UVB sunburned skin: an in vitro and in vivo study. | 2011 Sep |
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Gene expression of zebrafish embryos exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles and hydroxylated fullerenes. | 2011 Sep |
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DNA damage and alterations in expression of DNA damage responsive genes induced by TiO2 nanoparticles in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. | 2011 Sep |
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Molecular control of TiO₂-NPs toxicity formation at predicted environmental relevant concentrations by Mn-SODs proteins. | 2012 |
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TiO₂ nanoparticles induce dysfunction and activation of human endothelial cells. | 2012 Apr 16 |
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Titanium dioxide nanoparticles inhibit proliferation and induce morphological changes and apoptosis in glial cells. | 2012 Dec 16 |
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Distinct immunomodulatory effects of a panel of nanomaterials in human dermal fibroblasts. | 2012 May 5 |
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Four types of inorganic nanoparticles stimulate the inflammatory reaction in brain microglia and damage neurons in vitro. | 2012 Oct 17 |
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Molecular mechanisms of nanosized titanium dioxide-induced pulmonary injury in mice. | 2013 |
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Differential mouse pulmonary dose and time course responses to titanium dioxide nanospheres and nanobelts. | 2013 Jan |
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TiO2, CeO2 and ZnO nanoparticles and modulation of the degranulation process in human neutrophils. | 2013 Jul 31 |
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Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce migration and adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells and accelerate foam cell formation. | 2014 Jul 1 |
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Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on lead bioconcentration and toxicity on thyroid endocrine system and neuronal development in zebrafish larvae. | 2015 Apr |
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Release of titanium ions from an implant surface and their effect on cytokine production related to alveolar bone resorption. | 2015 Jan 2 |
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Titanium dioxide nanoparticles modulate the toxicological response to cadmium in the gills of Mytilus galloprovincialis. | 2015 Oct 30 |
Sample Use Guides
Apply evenly 15 minutes before sun exposure. Reapply as needed or after towel drying, swimming, or perspiring. Children under 6 months of age, ask a doctor.
Route of Administration:
Topical
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503414
For the in vitro studies, the stratum corneum side of the skin was in contact with either the aqueous or oily commercial dispersion of microfine TiO2 (150 μl/cm^2). The dermis side was placed onto a tissue of cellulose soaked with isotonic phosphate buffered saline (PBS) of pH 7.4. Twenty-four hours after application of the dispersion, the PBS was removed from the skin with a dry paper towel. For the in vivo studies, 2 μl cm−2 of the commercial dispersions and the different formulations were applied onto the ventral side of the forearm of a healthy female volunteer. After 45 min, any dispersion or formulation that had not penetrated the skin was also removed with a paper towel. All penetration tests were performed in triplicate.
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DSLD |
2074 (Number of products:31)
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C637
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SUB35397
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D1JT611TNE
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m10896
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D1JT611TNE
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DTXSID3047764
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1305547
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7440-32-6
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868
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33341
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231-142-3
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C95189
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DB14160
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23963
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D014025
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ACTIVE MOIETY