Details
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Molecular Formula | Ti |
| Molecular Weight | 47.867 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[Ti]
InChI
InChIKey=RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/Ti
DescriptionCurator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503414
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2008/022009s000_ClinPharmR.pdf | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503414
Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO
2. When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally it is sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of applications, from paint to sunscreen to food coloring. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171. World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million metric tons. Titanium dioxide has excellent ultraviolet (UV) resistant qualities and acts as a UV absorbent. In the pharmaceutical industry, titanium dioxide is used in most sunscreens to block UVA and UVB rays, similar to zinc oxide. It is also commonly used as pigment for pharmaceutical products such as gelatin capsules, tablet coatings and syrups. In the cosmetics industry, it is used in toothpaste, lipsticks, creams, ointments and powders. It can be used as an opacifier to make pigments opaque. The FDA has approved the safety of titanium dioxide for use as a colorant in food, drugs and cosmetics, including sunscreens. However, controversy exists as to the safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles used in the cosmetics industry, for example in sunscreens. Titanium and zinc oxides may be made into the nanoparticle size (0.2-100 nanometers) to reduce the white appearance when applied topically, but retain the UV blocking properties. Recent studies suggest titanium dioxide nanoparticles may be toxic, although further research is needed.
Approval Year
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Titanium, chromium and cobalt ions modulate the release of bone-associated cytokines by human monocytes/macrophages in vitro. | 1996 Dec |
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| Chemokine gene activation in human bone marrow-derived osteoblasts following exposure to particulate wear debris. | 2006 Apr |
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| Upregulation of LITAF mRNA expression upon exposure to TiAlV and polyethylene wear particles in THP-1 macrophages. | 2007 Apr |
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| Reconsideration of serum Ti(IV) transport: albumin and transferrin trafficking of Ti(IV) and its complexes. | 2008 Feb 20 |
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| Differential binding of inorganic particles to MARCO. | 2009 Jan |
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| Alumina ceramic particles, in comparison with titanium particles, hardly affect the expression of RANK-, TNF-alpha-, and OPG-mRNA in the THP-1 human monocytic cell line. | 2009 Jun |
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| Inhibitor of differentiation 1 (Id1) expression attenuates the degree of TiO2-induced cytotoxicity in H1299 non-small cell lung cancer cells. | 2009 Sep 28 |
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| Influence of metals on cytokines production in connection with successful implantation therapy in dentistry. | 2010 |
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| Involvement of JNK and P53 activation in G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles in neuron cells. | 2010 Dec 15 |
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| Engineered nanomaterials cause cytotoxicity and activation on mouse antigen presenting cells. | 2010 Jan 12 |
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| Spleen injury and apoptotic pathway in mice caused by titanium dioxide nanoparticules. | 2010 Jun 2 |
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| Titanium ion induces necrosis and sensitivity to lipopolysaccharide in gingival epithelial-like cells. | 2010 Oct |
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| Cellular responses by stable and uniform ultrafine titanium dioxide particles in culture-medium dispersions when secondary particle size was 100 nm or less. | 2010 Sep |
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| Chemoprotective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on cellular oxidative damages and apoptosis induced by nano titanium dioxide under UVA irradiation. | 2011 Feb |
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| Acute respiratory and systemic toxicity of pulmonary exposure to rutile Fe-doped TiO(2) nanorods. | 2011 Jan 11 |
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| Toll-like receptors and their adaptors are regulated in macrophages after phagocytosis of lipopolysaccharide-coated titanium particles. | 2011 Jul |
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| Pulmonary response to surface-coated nanotitanium dioxide particles includes induction of acute phase response genes, inflammatory cascades, and changes in microRNAs: a toxicogenomic study. | 2011 Jul |
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| Particle stimulation dephosphorylates glutathione S-transferase π1 of epithelial cells. | 2011 Jun 18 |
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| Titanium oxide shell coatings decrease the cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles. | 2011 Mar 21 |
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| Safety evaluation of sunscreen formulations containing titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in UVB sunburned skin: an in vitro and in vivo study. | 2011 Sep |
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| Gene expression of zebrafish embryos exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles and hydroxylated fullerenes. | 2011 Sep |
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| DNA damage and alterations in expression of DNA damage responsive genes induced by TiO2 nanoparticles in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. | 2011 Sep |
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| Ovarian dysfunction and gene-expressed characteristics of female mice caused by long-term exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles. | 2012 Dec |
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| Distinct immunomodulatory effects of a panel of nanomaterials in human dermal fibroblasts. | 2012 May 5 |
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| Titanium dioxide nanoparticles increase inflammatory responses in vascular endothelial cells. | 2013 Apr 5 |
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| Nano-titanium dioxide induces genotoxicity and apoptosis in human lung cancer cell line, A549. | 2013 Feb |
|
| Effect of TiO₂ nanoparticles on the structure and activity of catalase. | 2014 Aug 5 |
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| Genotoxicity of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in bone marrow cells of rats in vivo. | 2014 Jan 6 |
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| Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce migration and adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells and accelerate foam cell formation. | 2014 Jul 1 |
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| Effect of pubertal nano-TiO2 exposure on testosterone synthesis and spermatogenesis in mice. | 2014 Mar |
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| Sheet-type titania, but not P25, induced paraptosis accompanying apoptosis in murine alveolar macrophage cells. | 2014 Oct 1 |
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| Effect of glycyrrhizic acid on titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. | 2014 Sep 5 |
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| Release of titanium ions from an implant surface and their effect on cytokine production related to alveolar bone resorption. | 2015 Jan 2 |
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| Genome wide identification and expression profile in epithelial cells exposed to TiO₂ particles. | 2015 Mar |
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| Titanium nanoparticle inhalation induces renal fibrosis in mice via an oxidative stress upregulated transforming growth factor-β pathway. | 2015 Mar 16 |
|
| Silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles alter oxidative/inflammatory response and renin-angiotensin system in brain. | 2015 Nov |
Sample Use Guides
Apply evenly 15 minutes before sun exposure. Reapply as needed or after towel drying, swimming, or perspiring. Children under 6 months of age, ask a doctor.
Route of Administration:
Topical
For the in vitro studies, the stratum corneum side of the skin was in contact with either the aqueous or oily commercial dispersion of microfine TiO2 (150 μl/cm^2). The dermis side was placed onto a tissue of cellulose soaked with isotonic phosphate buffered saline (PBS) of pH 7.4. Twenty-four hours after application of the dispersion, the PBS was removed from the skin with a dry paper towel. For the in vivo studies, 2 μl cm−2 of the commercial dispersions and the different formulations were applied onto the ventral side of the forearm of a healthy female volunteer. After 45 min, any dispersion or formulation that had not penetrated the skin was also removed with a paper towel. All penetration tests were performed in triplicate.
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2074 (Number of products:31)
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C637
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100000128390
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m10896
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ACTIVE MOIETY
