PERPHENAZINE DIMALEATE

Details

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula	C21H26ClN3OS.2C4H4O4
Molecular Weight	636.113
Optical Activity	NONE
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	2
Charge	0

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O.OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O.OCCN1CCN(CCCN2C3=C(SC4=C2C=C(Cl)C=C4)C=CC=C3)CC1

InChI

InChIKey=HYYMPXVEPSKZOU-SPIKMXEPSA-N

InChI=1S/C21H26ClN3OS.2C4H4O4/c22-17-6-7-21-19(16-17)25(18-4-1-2-5-20(18)27-21)9-3-8-23-10-12-24(13-11-23)14-15-26;2*5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2,4-7,16,26H,3,8-15H2;2*1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b;2*2-1-

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Description
Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/089683s024lbl.pdf | http://apm.amegroups.com/article/view/1039/1266

Perphenazine is a relatively high potency phenothiazine that blocks dopamine 2 receptors predominantly, but also may possess antagonist actions at histamine 1 and cholinergic M1 and alpha 1 adrenergic receptors in the vomiting center leading to reduced nausea and vomiting. The drug was approved by FDA for the treatment of schizophrenia and control of severe nausea and vomiting (either alone or in combination with amitriptyline hydrochloride). Perphenazine is extensively hepatic to metabolites via sulfoxidation, hydroxylation, dealkylation, and glucuronidation; primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to N-dealkylated perphenazine, perphenazine sulfoxide, and 7-hydroxyperphenazine (active metabolite with 70% of the activity of perphenazine) and excreted in the urine and feces.

CNS Activity

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Potency
D(2) dopamine receptor 58 Target ID: P14416 Gene ID: 1813.0 Gene Symbol: DRD2 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: http://apm.amegroups.com/article/view/1039/1266	Antagonist 2778	0.16 nM [Ki]
Histamine H1 receptor 315 Target ID: P35367 Gene ID: 3269.0 Gene Symbol: HRH1 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: http://apm.amegroups.com/article/view/1039/1266	Antagonist 2778	8.0 nM [Kd]
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 169 Target ID: P11229 Gene ID: 1128.0 Gene Symbol: CHRM1 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: http://apm.amegroups.com/article/view/1039/1266	Antagonist 2778	1.5 µM [Kd]
Adrenergic receptor alpha-1 169 Target ID: CHEMBL2094251 Sources: http://apm.amegroups.com/article/view/1039/1266	Antagonist 2778	10.0 nM [Ki]

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Highest Phase	Product
Nausea 63 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/089683s024lbl.pdf	Preventing	Approved 8429	PERPHENAZINE Approved Use Perphenazine is indicated for use in the treatment of schizophrenia and for the control of severe nausea and vomiting in adults. Launch Date 1988
Vomiting 38 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/089683s024lbl.pdf	Preventing	Approved 8429	PERPHENAZINE Approved Use Perphenazine is indicated for use in the treatment of schizophrenia and for the control of severe nausea and vomiting in adults. Launch Date 1988
Schizophrenia 298 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/089683s024lbl.pdf	Primary	Approved 8429	PERPHENAZINE Approved Use Perphenazine is indicated for use in the treatment of schizophrenia and for the control of severe nausea and vomiting in adults. Launch Date 1988
Anxiety 267 Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=e2937445-c015-c9a5-52f8-a2959da97290	Primary	Approved 8429	PERPHENAZINE AND AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Approved Use Perphenazine and amitriptyline hydrochloride tablets are recommended for treatment of (1) patients with moderate to severe anxiety and/or agitation and depressed mood, (2) patients with depression in whom anxiety and/or agitation are severe, and (3) patients with depression and anxiety in association with chronic physical disease. In many of these patients, anxiety masks the depressive state so that, although therapy with a tranquilizer appears to be indicated, the administration of a tranquilizer alone will not be adequate. Launch Date 1988
Depression 235 Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=e2937445-c015-c9a5-52f8-a2959da97290	Primary	Approved 8429	PERPHENAZINE AND AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Approved Use Perphenazine and amitriptyline hydrochloride tablets are recommended for treatment of (1) patients with moderate to severe anxiety and/or agitation and depressed mood, (2) patients with depression in whom anxiety and/or agitation are severe, and (3) patients with depression and anxiety in association with chronic physical disease. In many of these patients, anxiety masks the depressive state so that, although therapy with a tranquilizer appears to be indicated, the administration of a tranquilizer alone will not be adequate. Launch Date 1988

C_max

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
509 pg/mL DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/089683s024lbl.pdf	4 mg 3 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 4 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	7-HYDROXYPERPHENAZINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
0.546 ng/mL REVIEW https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/anda/98/40226_Perphenazaine_Bioeqr.pdf	16 mg single, oral dose: 16 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	PERPHENAZINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
984 pg/mL DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/089683s024lbl.pdf	4 mg 3 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 4 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	PERPHENAZINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

AUC

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
6.673 ng × h/mL REVIEW https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/anda/98/40226_Perphenazaine_Bioeqr.pdf	16 mg single, oral dose: 16 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:		PERPHENAZINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

T_1/2

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
18.8 h DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/089683s024lbl.pdf	4 mg 3 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 4 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	7-HYDROXYPERPHENAZINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
9.12 h REVIEW https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/anda/98/40226_Perphenazaine_Bioeqr.pdf	16 mg single, oral dose: 16 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	PERPHENAZINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
12 h DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/089683s024lbl.pdf	4 mg 3 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 4 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	PERPHENAZINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

F_unbound

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
9% DRUG LABEL https://www.glowm.com/resources/glowm/cd/pages/drugs/p024.html	unknown, unknown		PERPHENAZINE unknown	Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

Doses

Dose	Population	Adverse events
0.93 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 0.93 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 0.93 g Co-administed with:: maprotiline, p.o(5.6 g; single) triazolam, p.o(14 mg; single) salicylate Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008 Page: p.2627, 2631	unhealthy, 42 n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Depression Age Group: 42 Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008 Page: p.2627, 2631	Disc. AE: QT interval prolonged, Hypothermia... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: QT interval prolonged Hypothermia Loss of consciousness PR interval prolonged QRS prolonged Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008 Page: p.2627, 2631
200 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 200 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 200 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053 Page: p.104	unhealthy, 48 n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Schizophrenia Age Group: 48 Sex: F Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053 Page: p.104	Disc. AE: Coma, Hypothermia... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Coma Hypothermia Tachycardia Miosis Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053 Page: p.104
30 mg 1 times / day multiple, intramuscular (total daily dose) Recommended Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf Page: p.3	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Schizophrenia Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf Page: p.3	Disc. AE: Tardive dyskinesia... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Tardive dyskinesia Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf Page: p.3
30 mg 1 times / day multiple, intramuscular (total daily dose) Recommended Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf Page: p.4	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Schizophrenia Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf Page: p.4	Disc. AE: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf Page: p.4
64 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral (total daily dose) Recommended Dose: 64 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 64 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf Page: p.3	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Schizophrenia Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf Page: p.3	Disc. AE: Tardive dyskinesia... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Tardive dyskinesia Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf Page: p.3
64 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral (total daily dose) Recommended Dose: 64 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 64 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf Page: p.4	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Schizophrenia Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf Page: p.4	Disc. AE: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf Page: p.4
20 mg single, intramuscular Studied dose Dose: 20 mg Route: intramuscular Route: single Dose: 20 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3588517/	unhealthy n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Schizophrenia Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3588517/	Disc. AE: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3588517/

AEs

AE	Significance	Dose	Population
Hypothermia	Disc. AE	0.93 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 0.93 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 0.93 g Co-administed with:: maprotiline, p.o(5.6 g; single) triazolam, p.o(14 mg; single) salicylate Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008 Page: p.2627, 2631	unhealthy, 42 n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Depression Age Group: 42 Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008 Page: p.2627, 2631
Loss of consciousness	Disc. AE	0.93 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 0.93 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 0.93 g Co-administed with:: maprotiline, p.o(5.6 g; single) triazolam, p.o(14 mg; single) salicylate Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008 Page: p.2627, 2631	unhealthy, 42 n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Depression Age Group: 42 Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008 Page: p.2627, 2631
PR interval prolonged	Disc. AE	0.93 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 0.93 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 0.93 g Co-administed with:: maprotiline, p.o(5.6 g; single) triazolam, p.o(14 mg; single) salicylate Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008 Page: p.2627, 2631	unhealthy, 42 n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Depression Age Group: 42 Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008 Page: p.2627, 2631
QRS prolonged	Disc. AE	0.93 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 0.93 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 0.93 g Co-administed with:: maprotiline, p.o(5.6 g; single) triazolam, p.o(14 mg; single) salicylate Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008 Page: p.2627, 2631	unhealthy, 42 n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Depression Age Group: 42 Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008 Page: p.2627, 2631
QT interval prolonged	Disc. AE	0.93 g single, oral Overdose Dose: 0.93 g Route: oral Route: single Dose: 0.93 g Co-administed with:: maprotiline, p.o(5.6 g; single) triazolam, p.o(14 mg; single) salicylate Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008 Page: p.2627, 2631	unhealthy, 42 n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Depression Age Group: 42 Sex: M Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264008 Page: p.2627, 2631
Coma	Disc. AE	200 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 200 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 200 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053 Page: p.104	unhealthy, 48 n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Schizophrenia Age Group: 48 Sex: F Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053 Page: p.104
Hypothermia	Disc. AE	200 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 200 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 200 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053 Page: p.104	unhealthy, 48 n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Schizophrenia Age Group: 48 Sex: F Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053 Page: p.104
Miosis	Disc. AE	200 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 200 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 200 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053 Page: p.104	unhealthy, 48 n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Schizophrenia Age Group: 48 Sex: F Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053 Page: p.104
Tachycardia	Disc. AE	200 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 200 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 200 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053 Page: p.104	unhealthy, 48 n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Schizophrenia Age Group: 48 Sex: F Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729053 Page: p.104
Tardive dyskinesia	Disc. AE	30 mg 1 times / day multiple, intramuscular (total daily dose) Recommended Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf Page: p.3	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Schizophrenia Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf Page: p.3
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome	Disc. AE	30 mg 1 times / day multiple, intramuscular (total daily dose) Recommended Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 30 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf Page: p.4	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Schizophrenia Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf Page: p.4
Tardive dyskinesia	Disc. AE	64 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral (total daily dose) Recommended Dose: 64 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 64 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf Page: p.3	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Schizophrenia Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf Page: p.3
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome	Disc. AE	64 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral (total daily dose) Recommended Dose: 64 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 64 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf Page: p.4	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Schizophrenia Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/10775s311213s24lbl.pdf Page: p.4
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome	Disc. AE	20 mg single, intramuscular Studied dose Dose: 20 mg Route: intramuscular Route: single Dose: 20 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3588517/	unhealthy n = 1 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: Schizophrenia Population Size: 1 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3588517/

Overview

CYP3A4	CYP2C9	CYP2D6	hERG
substrate 1737	inhibitor 1767	substrate 1217	inhibitor 1612

OverviewOther

Other Inhibitor	Other Substrate	Other Inducer
CYP2B6 810 CYP1A2 1524 CYP2C19 1478 CYP3A 214 P-gp 1461 UGT2B10 25 K+ channels 70 Nav1.5 97	P-gp 1537 CYP2C19 991	MRP1 48

Drug as perpetrator

Target	Modality	Activity
CYP2C19 1553	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10460810/ Page: abstract	no
CYP2C9 1819	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10460810/ Page: abstract	no
CYP3A 298	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10460810/ Page: abstract	no
CYP2B6 1001	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10460810/ Page: abstract	yes [IC50 1.5 uM]
K+ channels 70	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00210-009-0420-1 Page: abstract	yes [IC50 38.2 uM]
UGT2B10 27	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/44/3/378.short Page: 42.0	yes [IC50 66.2 uM]
CYP1A2 1692	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10460810/ Page: abstract	yes [Ki 65.1 uM]
MRP1 172	inducer 1573 Sources: https://iv.iiarjournals.org/content/23/6/943.short Page: 945.0	yes
P-gp 1650	inhibitor 3277 Sources: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40263-012-0008-z Page: 962.0	yes

Drug as victim

Target	Modality	Activity
CYP2C19 991	substrate 3367 Sources: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40263-012-0008-z Page: 961.0	yes
CYP2D6 1217	substrate 3367 Sources: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0269881104047278 Page: 510.0	yes
CYP3A4 1737	substrate 3367 Sources: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40263-012-0008-z Page: 961.0	yes
P-gp 1537	substrate 3367 Sources: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40263-012-0008-z Page: 961.0	yes

Tox targets

Target	Modality	Activity	Metabolite	Clinical evidence
Nav1.5 100	inhibitor 1626 Sources: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002914917310421 Page: 1033.0
hERG 1647	inhibitor 1626 Sources: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1081/DCT-200064482 Page: abstract

Sourcing

Vendor/Aggregator	ID	URL
ChEBI	CHEBI:8028	https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:8028
ChemicalBook	CB6687009	https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB6687009
MolPort	MolPort-001-727-942	https://www.molport.com/shop/molecule-link/MolPort-001-727-942
ZINC	ZINC000019228902	http://zinc15.docking.org/substances/ZINC000019228902
eMolecules	593689	https://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/more?vid=593689

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
The bucco-linguo-masticatory syndrome as a side-effect of neuroleptics therapy.	1967	4383787
Side-effects of phenothiazines.	1967 Apr 1	6021008
Phenothiazines in early labour.	1967 Feb 11	6017500
Drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms: their incidence and treatment.	1967 Jan	6016862
Oculogyric crises due to phenothiazines.	1967 Jul 22	6028472
Specific therapeutic actions of acetophenazine, perphenazine, and benzquinamide in newly admitted schizophrenic patients.	1967 Mar-Apr	5336562
Phenothiazines and diabetes in hospitalized women.	1968 Jan	5634402
Dystonic reaction to perphenazine.	1969 Aug 9	4184245
Perphenazine dystonia presenting as recurrent dislocation of the jaw.	1969 Jan	5765799
Iatrogenic epilepsy due to antidepressant drugs.	1969 Oct 11	5823053
Increased sensitivity to neuroleptics in rats with lesions of the central nervous system.	1972	5065892
Idiosyncratic responses to phenothiazines.	1972 Jan 22	5058744
The mechanism of the potentiating effect of antidepressant drugs on the protective influenc oe of diphenhydramine in experimental catatonia. The role of histamine.	1974	4477392
Letter: Side-effects of perphenazine.	1975 Jun 21	48972
Asymptomatic idiopathic syndrome of prolonged Q-T interval in a 45-year-old woman. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias precipitated by hypokalemia and therapy with amitriptyline and prephenazine.	1977 Feb	832494
Drug-induced anaphylaxis, convulsions, deafness, and extrapyramidal symptoms.	1977 Mar 12	65671
[Acute dystonia in children. 2 cases caused by perphenazine (Trilafon)].	1978 Mar 10	635871
Death attributed to ventricular arrhythmia induced by thioridazine in combination with a single Contac C capsule.	1978 Oct 7	709472
Electrophysiologic studies of perphenazine and protriptyline in a patient with psychotropic drug-induced ventricular fibrillation.	1979 Aug	463940
Seven cases of somnambulism induced by drugs.	1979 Jul	453369
Metoclopramide and dystonic reactions in Sardinians.	1979 Jun 23	87799
Toxic psychosis with cimetidine.	1979 May	434259
Pituitary sensitivity to LHRH in hyperprolactinemia induced by perphenazine and renal pituitary transplants in female rats.	1980 Apr	6770916
Plasma levels of perphenazine (Trilafon) related to development of extrapyramidal side effects.	1981	6794071
Actions of clonidine on convulsions and behaviour.	1981 Jul	7305545
Prolactin and the small intestine. Effect of hyperprolactinaemia on mucosal structure in the rat.	1981 Jul	7262630
Tricyclic antidepressants and alcoholic blackouts.	1981 Jun	7229637
Dose-response relationships of perphenazine in the treatment of acute psychoses.	1982	6817364
Cerebellar syndrome following neuroleptic induced heat stroke.	1983 Feb	6842224
Unique sensitivity of Hb Zürich to oxidative injury by phenazopyridine: reversal of the effects by elevating carboxyhemoglobin levels in vivo and in vitro.	1983 Jun	6859031
Sigma opiates and certain antipsychotic drugs mutually inhibit (+)-[3H] SKF 10,047 and [3H]haloperidol binding in guinea pig brain membranes.	1984 Sep	6147851
Pharmacology in vivo of the phenylindan derivative, Lu 19-005, a new potent inhibitor of dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake in rat brain.	1985 Apr	2409454
GABAergic, dopaminergic and cholinergic interactions in perphenazine-induced catatonia in rats.	1985 Dec	3938209
Effect of different neuroleptics in tardive dyskinesia and parkinsonism. A video-controlled multicenter study with chlorprothixene, perphenazine, haloperidol and haloperidol + biperiden. Nordic Dyskinesia Study Group.	1986	2880362
A case of progressive hemichorea responsive to high-dose reserpine.	1986 Mar	3949727
Tourette-like syndrome following low dose short-term neuroleptic treatment.	1986 May	3459568
L-tryptophan in drug-induced movement disorders with insomnia.	1986 May 8	3702925
Zuclopenthixol and perphenazine in patients with acute psychotic states. A double-blind multicentre study.	1987 Jul	3615572
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome during perphenazine treatment.	1987 Mar	3588517
The relationship between blood perphenazine levels, early resolution of psychotic symptoms, and side effects.	1990 Aug	2199431
Risperidone versus perphenazine in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients with acute exacerbations.	1993 Dec	7508675
Binding of typical and atypical antipsychotic agents to 5-hydroxytryptamine-6 and 5-hydroxytryptamine-7 receptors.	1994 Mar	7908055
The efficacy of prophylactic ondansetron, droperidol, perphenazine, and metoclopramide in the prevention of nausea and vomiting after major gynecologic surgery.	1995 Jul	7598243
BMY-14802 reversed the sigma receptor agonist-induced neck dystonia in rats.	1996	9013402
Association of plasma homovanillic acid with behavioral symptoms in patients diagnosed with dementia: a preliminary report.	1997 Dec 1	9386853
Induction of mania by risperidone resistant to mood stabilizers.	1997 Feb	9004061
Olanzapine use in women with antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia.	1998 Oct	9766782
Profiling of a prescription drug library for potential renal drug-drug interactions mediated by the organic cation transporter 2.	2011 Jul 14	21599003
Antitubercular pharmacodynamics of phenothiazines.	2013 Apr	23228936
Selective inhibition of hepatitis C virus infection by hydroxyzine and benztropine.	2014 Jun	24709263

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

Moderately disturbed nonhospitalized patients with schizophrenia: 4 to 8 mg t.i.d. initially; reduce as soon as possible to minimum effective dosage. Hospitalized patients with schizophrenia: 8 to 16 mg b.i.d. to q.i.d.; avoid dosages in excess of 64 mg daily. Severe nausea and vomiting in adults: 8 to 16 mg daily in divided doses; 24 mg occasionally may be necessary; early dosage reduction is desirable.

Route of Administration: Oral

In Vitro Use Guide

Perphenazine (10-100 microM) was administered, either alone or combined with dopamine, to primary mouse neuronal or intact brain culture and to a human neuroblastoma (NB) cell line (SK-N-SH). Cell viability (measured by neutral red and alamar blue), DNA fragmentation (flow cytometry-NB) were determined. Neuroblastoma: perphenazine decreased viability by 87%.

Name

Type

Language

PERPHENAZINE DIMALEATE

Common Name

English

1-PIPERAZINEETHANOL, 4-(3-(2-CHLORO-10H-PHENOTHIAZIN-10-YL)PROPYL)-, (2Z)-2-BUTENEDIOATE (1:2) (SALT)

Systematic Name

English

Perphenazine maleate [WHO-DD]

Common Name

English

PERPHENAZINE MALEATE

Common Name

English

Code System Code Type Description

CAS

3534-08-5