Details
| Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
| Molecular Formula | C5H9NO4S |
| Molecular Weight | 179.194 |
| Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
| Defined Stereocenters | 1 / 1 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
N[C@@H](CSCC(O)=O)C(O)=O
InChI
InChIKey=GBFLZEXEOZUWRN-VKHMYHEASA-N
InChI=1S/C5H9NO4S/c6-3(5(9)10)1-11-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m0/s1
S-Carboxymethylcysteine (carbocysteine or SCMC; also available in the lysinate form, SCMC-Lys) is a mucoactive drug, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Carbocysteine has been recently recognized as an effective and safe treatment for the long-term management of COPD, able to reduce the incidence of exacerbations and improve patient quality of life. Moreover, carbocysteine was effective in counteracting some symptoms associated with cancer cachexia. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of carbocysteine are more important than mucolysis itself for its therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, carbocysteine may be able to reverse the oxidative stress associated with several chronic inflammatory diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders.
CNS Activity
Approval Year
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Effect of fudosteine, a cysteine derivative, on blood flow of tracheal microvasculature increased by airway inflammation. | 2001 Jul |
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| Phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase and the S-oxidation of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine. | 2004 |
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| Phenylalanine hydroxylase: possible involvement in the S-oxidation of S-carboxymethyl-l-cysteine. | 2004 Dec 1 |
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| Exhaled Interleukine-6 and 8-isoprostane in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effect of carbocysteine lysine salt monohydrate (SCMC-Lys). | 2004 Nov 28 |
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| Cancer-related anorexia/cachexia syndrome and oxidative stress: an innovative approach beyond current treatment. | 2004 Oct |
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| Induction of cysteine dioxygenase activity by oral administration of cysteine analogues to the rat: implications for drug efficacy and safety. | 2005 |
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| Phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase and the S-oxidation of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine in HepG2 cells. | 2005 |
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| Analysis of plasma amino acids by HPLC with photodiode array and fluorescence detection. | 2005 Apr |
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| Evidence for the formation of adducts and S-(carboxymethyl)cysteine on reaction of alpha-dicarbonyl compounds with thiol groups on amino acids, peptides, and proteins. | 2005 Aug |
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| Thiodiglycolic acid as a possible causative agent of fixed drug eruption provoked only after continuous administration of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine: case report and review of reported cases. | 2005 Jul |
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| Re(CO)(3) complexes synthesized via an improved preparation of aqueous fac-[Re(CO)(3)(H(2)O)(3)](+) as an aid in assessing (99m)Tc imaging agents. Structural characterization and solution behavior of complexes with thioether-bearing amino acids as tridentate ligands. | 2005 Jul 25 |
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| Effect of glucose concentration on formation of AGEs in erythrocytes in vitro. | 2005 Jun |
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| S-carboxymethylcysteine normalises airway responsiveness in sensitised and challenged mice. | 2005 Oct |
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| Antioxidant therapies in COPD. | 2006 |
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| The sulphoxidation of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine in COPD. | 2006 Apr |
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| Protein and low molecular mass thiols as targets and inhibitors of glycation reactions. | 2006 Dec |
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| Thiodiglycolic acid and dermatological reactions following S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine administration. | 2006 Feb |
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| S-CMC-Lys-dependent stimulation of electrogenic glutathione secretion by human respiratory epithelium. | 2006 Jan |
|
| Synergistic effect of interleukin 1 alpha on nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-induced up-regulation of human beta-defensin 2 in middle ear epithelial cells. | 2006 Jan 24 |
|
| Antioxidant therapeutic targets in COPD. | 2006 Jun |
|
| Cerebral formation in situ of S-carboxymethylcysteine after ifosfamide administration to mice: a further clue to the mechanism of ifosfamide encephalopathy. | 2006 Mar 1 |
|
| Efficacy of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine for otitis media with effusion. | 2006 May |
|
| Evidence for inactivation of cysteine proteases by reactive carbonyls via glycation of active site thiols. | 2006 Sep 1 |
|
| Bacterial lysate in the prevention of acute exacerbation of COPD and in respiratory recurrent infections. | 2007 |
|
| Reduction and s-carboxymethylation of proteins: large-scale method. | 2007 Feb 1 |
|
| The suppression of enhanced bitterness intensity of macrolide dry syrup mixed with an acidic powder. | 2007 Oct |
|
| Mechanisms for the proton mobility-dependent gas-phase fragmentation reactions of S-alkyl cysteine sulfoxide-containing peptide ions. | 2007 Sep |
|
| Phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase and the S-oxidation of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine by human cytosolic fractions. | 2008 |
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| The role for S-carboxymethylcysteine (carbocisteine) in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | 2008 |
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| S-CMC-Lys protective effects on human respiratory cells during oxidative stress. | 2008 |
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| Usefulness of antibodies for evaluating the biological significance of AGEs. | 2008 Apr |
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| Immunological detection of N omega-(Carboxymethyl)arginine by a specific antibody. | 2008 Apr |
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| Variation in the attachment of Streptococcus pneumoniae to human pharyngeal epithelial cells after treatment with S-carboxymethylcysteine. | 2008 Aug |
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| Influence of various combinations of mucolytic agent and non-ionic surfactant on intestinal absorption of poorly absorbed hydrophilic compounds. | 2008 Feb 12 |
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| Immunochemical detection of Nepsilon-(carboxyethyl)lysine using a specific antibody. | 2008 Mar 20 |
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| s-Carboxymethylcysteine inhibits carbachol-induced constriction of epithelium-denuded rat and human airway preparations. | 2008 May |
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| Glutaraldehyde is an effective cross-linker for production of antibodies against advanced glycation end-products. | 2008 May 20 |
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| Measurement of phenylalanine monooxygenase (PAH) activities. | 2009 |
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| Sequestration of Alkyltin(IV) compounds in aqueous solution: formation, stability, and empirical relationships for the binding of dimethyltin(IV) cation by N- and O-donor ligands. | 2009 |
|
| Human phenylalanine monooxygenase and thioether metabolism. | 2009 Jan |
|
| The activity of wild type and mutant phenylalanine hydroxylase with respect to the C-oxidation of phenylalanine and the S-oxidation of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine. | 2009 Jan |
|
| Mouse recombinant phenylalanine monooxygenase and the S-oxygenation of thioether substrates. | 2009 Mar-Apr |
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| Phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase and the role of endobiotic metabolism enzymes in xenobiotic biotransformation. | 2009 Oct |
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| Modulation of the cellular expression of circulating advanced glycation end-product receptors in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. | 2010 |
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| Association between lung function and exacerbation frequency in patients with COPD. | 2010 Dec 9 |
|
| The pharmacokinetics of orally administered S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine in the dog, calf and sheep. | 2010 Feb 19 |
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| Isoprostanes-biomarkers of lipid peroxidation: their utility in evaluating oxidative stress and analysis. | 2010 Nov 17 |
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| The effect and mechanism of action of carbocysteine on airway bacterial load in rats chronically exposed to cigarette smoke. | 2010 Oct |
|
| Comparative metabolism of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide in the mouse using UPLC-ESI-QTOFMS-based metabolomics. | 2010 Oct 1 |
|
| Inactivation by Hg2+ and methylmercury of the glutamine/amino acid transporter (ASCT2) reconstituted in liposomes: Prediction of the involvement of a CXXC motif by homology modelling. | 2010 Oct 15 |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
Dosage is based upon an initial daily dosage of 2250 mg carbocysteine (6 capsules) in divided doses, reducing to 1500 mg (4 capsules) daily in divided doses when a satisfactory response is obtained. For example, two capsules three times a day reducing to one capsule four times a day.
Route of Administration:
Oral
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| Classification Tree | Code System | Code | ||
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WHO-VATC |
QR05CB03
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WHO-ATC |
R05CB03
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| Code System | Code | Type | Description | ||
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211-327-5
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2023
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CHEMBL396416
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638-23-3
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SUB11790MIG
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2884
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SUB21966
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D002233
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C83591
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638-23-3
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DB04339
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M3072
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CARBOCISTEINE
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193653
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PRIMARY | SWITZERF |
ACTIVE MOIETY
