Details
Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
Molecular Formula | C9H15N5O.C4H6O6 |
Molecular Weight | 359.3351 |
Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
Defined Stereocenters | 2 / 2 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
O[C@H]([C@@H](O)C(O)=O)C(O)=O.NC1=NC(=CC(N)=[N+]1[O-])N2CCCCC2
InChI
InChIKey=SNCJAEVKCLODRY-LREBCSMRSA-N
InChI=1S/C9H15N5O.C4H6O6/c10-7-6-8(12-9(11)14(7)15)13-4-2-1-3-5-13;5-1(3(7)8)2(6)4(9)10/h6H,1-5,10H2,(H2,11,12);1-2,5-6H,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/t;1-,2-/m.1/s1
DescriptionSources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00350Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.drugs.com/pro/minoxidil.html
Sources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00350
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.drugs.com/pro/minoxidil.html
Minoxidil is an orally effective direct acting peripheral vasodilator that reduces elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance. Minoxidil is also used topically to treat androgenetic alopecia. Microcirculatory blood flow in animals is enhanced or maintained in all systemic vascular beds. In man, forearm and renal vascular resistance decline; forearm blood flow increases while renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate are preserved. The predominant site of minoxidil action is arterial. Venodilation does not occur with minoxidil; thus, postural hypotension is unusual with its administration. The antihypertensive activity of minoxidil is due to its sulphate metabolite, minoxidil sulfate. Minoxidil is thought to promote the survival of human dermal papillary cells (DPCs) or hair cells by activating both extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt and by preventing cell death by increasing the ratio of BCl-2/Bax. Minoxidil may stimulate the growth of human hairs by prolonging anagen through these proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects on DPCs. Minoxidil, when used as a vasodilator, acts by opening adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. This vasodilation may also improve the viability of hair cells or hair follicles. Minoxidil is used for the treatment of severe hypertension and in the topical treatment (regrowth) of androgenic alopecia in males and females and stabilisation of hair loss in patients with androgenic alopecia.
CNS Activity
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL2095198 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11886528 |
0.62 µM [IC50] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL1293292 Sources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00350 |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary | Minoxidil Approved UseBecause of the potential for serious adverse effects, Minoxidil tablets are indicated only in the treatment of hypertension that is symptomatic or associated with target organ damage and is not manageable with maximum therapeutic doses of a diuretic plus two other antihypertensive drugs. At the present time use in milder degrees of hypertension is not recommended because the benefit-risk relationship in such patients has not been defined. Launch Date1987 |
|||
Primary | ROGAINE Approved UseWomen’s ROGAINE® is for general thinning of hair on the top of the scalp Launch Date1988 |
Cmax
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
2.13 ng/mL |
50 mg 2 times / day multiple, topical dose: 50 mg route of administration: Topical experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: |
MINOXIDIL plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
37.2 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2715373 |
10 mg single, oral dose: 10 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MINOXIDIL plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: FASTED |
AUC
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
18.71 ng × h/mL |
50 mg 2 times / day multiple, topical dose: 50 mg route of administration: Topical experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: |
MINOXIDIL plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
55.1 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2715373 |
10 mg single, oral dose: 10 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MINOXIDIL plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: FASTED |
T1/2
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
1.27 h EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2715373 |
10 mg single, oral dose: 10 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
MINOXIDIL plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: FASTED |
Funbound
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
100% |
MINOXIDIL plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
---|---|---|
[Minoxidil in the treatment of malignant hypertension (author's transl)]. | 1977 Dec 2 |
|
Pericardial effusions associated with minoxidil. | 1977 Dec 24-31 |
|
The outpatient treatment of refractory hypertension with minoxidil. | 1977 Jul |
|
Need for beta-blockade in hypertension reduced with long-term minoxidil. | 1978 Aug 5 |
|
Hypertrichosis due to minoxidil. | 1979 Nov |
|
Reversible renal failure during treatment with captopril. | 1979 Sep 8 |
|
Experiences with the antihypertensive drug minoxidil. | 1980 |
|
Long-term effects of minoxidil therapy on renal function of patients with refractory hypertension: the significance of albuminuria. | 1980 |
|
Renal function and vascular resistance during long-term minoxidil treatment of severe hypertension. | 1980 |
|
Rebound hypertension following minoxidil withdrawal. | 1980 Apr |
|
Pericardial effusion associated with minoxidil therapy in dialyzed patients. | 1980 Jan |
|
Divergent effects of propranolol and furosemide pretreatment on acute cardiomyopathy induced by minoxidil in beagle dogs. | 1981 |
|
Minoxidil. | 1981 Jan |
|
Minoxidil and pericardial effusion: an idiosyncratic reaction. | 1981 Jul |
|
Pericardial effusion associated with minoxidil therapy. | 1981 Nov |
|
Minoxidil in the management of intractable hypertension. | 1981 Spring |
|
Clinical experience of long-term treatment with minoxidil in severe arterial hypertension. | 1982 |
|
[Fluid retention with pericardial effusion in minoxidil therapy (author's transl)]. | 1982 Jun 25 |
|
Pleuropericardial effusion associated with minoxidil administration. | 1982 May |
|
Chest pain and abnormal electrocardiogram associated with minoxidil. | 1982 May |
|
Minoxidil in severe and moderately severe hypertension, in association with methyldopa and chlortalidone. | 1982 Nov |
|
Effects of acute and chronic minoxidil administration on rest and exercise hemodynamics and clinical status in patients with severe, chronic heart failure. | 1982 Nov |
|
[Pericardial effusion during long-term treatment with minoxidil]. | 1982 Oct |
|
Topical minoxidil for extended areate alopecia. | 1985 |
|
Felodipine can replace minoxidil in the treatment of refractory hypertension. | 1985 Dec |
|
Renal and cardiovascular effects of acute and chronic administration of felodipine to SHR. | 1985 Jul 11 |
|
Minoxidil in a once-a-day step-3 antihypertensive program. | 1985 Mar |
|
The interaction of cimetidine with various antihypertensive agents in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. | 1985 May |
|
Minoxidil-associated pericarditis and fatal cardiac tamponade. | 1985 Oct |
|
Pericarditis after minoxidil reinstitution. | 1985 Oct |
|
Topical tretinoin for hair growth promotion. | 1986 Oct |
|
Severe hypertrichosis of the external ear canal during minoxidil therapy. | 1988 Aug |
|
Orthostatic hypotension occurring after discontinuation of long-term minoxidil therapy. | 1988 Aug |
|
Examination of minoxidil-induced acute cardiotoxicity in miniature swine. | 1988 Jan |
|
Minoxidil induced pericardial effusion. | 1988 May |
|
The safety of topical minoxidil solution in the treatment of pattern baldness: the results of a 27-center trial. | 1988 Oct-Dec |
|
A comparative study of minoxidil-induced myocardial lesions in beagle dogs and miniature swine. | 1989 |
|
Review of cardiovascular findings in humans treated with minoxidil. | 1989 |
|
[Massive pericardial effusion following minoxidil]. | 1989 Jun 1 |
|
Polymyalgia and minoxidil. | 1990 Aug 1 |
|
Unexpected first dose hypotensive reaction to enalapril. | 1990 Dec |
|
Cardiotoxicity of hydralazine and minoxidil in the rat. Influence of age. | 1991 Feb |
|
Hyperfiltration and conservation of renal function in hypertensive nephrosclerosis patients. | 1993 Apr |
|
Effects of the arterial vasodilator minoxidil on cardiovascular structure and sympathetic activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. | 1993 Dec |
|
Transcutaneous minoxidil in the treatment of erectile dysfunctions in spinal cord injured men. | 1993 Jan-Feb |
|
Structural and functional consequences of minoxidil-induced cardiac hypertrophy. | 1994 Apr |
|
A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of a novel formulation of 5% minoxidil topical foam versus placebo in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men. | 2007 Nov |
|
Cardiovascular toxicity of minoxidil in the marmoset. | 2008 Aug 28 |
|
[Systemic effects of topical minoxidil 2% in children]. | 2008 Aug-Sep |
|
CRF receptor antagonist astressin-B reverses and prevents alopecia in CRF over-expressing mice. | 2011 Feb 16 |
Sample Use Guides
In Vivo Use Guide
Sources: https://www.drugs.com/dosage/minoxidil.html
Curator's Comment: can also be used topically for hair loss treatment http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/019501Orig1s029lbl.pdf
Usual Adult Dose for Hypertension
Initial dose: 5 mg orally once a day.
Maintenance dose: 10-40 mg in 1-2 divided doses.
Route of Administration:
Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15816824
Minoxidil (0.1-100 uM) increased deer hair follicle growth
Name | Type | Language | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
Common Name | English | ||
|
Systematic Name | English |
Code System | Code | Type | Description | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
70J7ZH7ECA
Created by
admin on Sat Dec 16 07:57:02 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 16 07:57:02 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
158473-55-3
Created by
admin on Sat Dec 16 07:57:02 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 16 07:57:02 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
DTXSID60935925
Created by
admin on Sat Dec 16 07:57:02 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 16 07:57:02 GMT 2023
|
PRIMARY |
ACTIVE MOIETY
SUBSTANCE RECORD