Details
| Stereochemistry | RACEMIC |
| Molecular Formula | 2C11H17N2O3.Ca |
| Molecular Weight | 490.607 |
| Optical Activity | ( + / - ) |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 4 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[Ca++].CCCC(C)C1(CC)C(=O)NC(=O)[N-]C1=O.CCCC(C)C2(CC)C(=O)NC(=O)[N-]C2=O
InChI
InChIKey=VBJLHIJEIVBIHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L
InChI=1S/2C11H18N2O3.Ca/c2*1-4-6-7(3)11(5-2)8(14)12-10(16)13-9(11)15;/h2*7H,4-6H2,1-3H3,(H2,12,13,14,15,16);/q;;+2/p-2
Pentobarbital belongs to the class of a short-acting barbiturate is used as sedatives, hypnotics, for the short-term treatment of insomnia, since they appear to lose their effectiveness for sleep induction and sleep maintenance after 2 weeks; preanesthetics and anticonvulsant, in anesthetic doses, in the emergency control of certain acute convulsive episodes, e.g., those associated with status epilepticus, cholera, eclampsia, meningitis, tetanus, and toxic reactions to strychnine or local anesthetics. Pentobarbital binds at a distinct binding site associated with a Cl- ionopore at the GABAA receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl- ionopore is open. The post-synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA in the thalamus is, therefore, prolonged. All of these effects are associated with marked decreases in GABA-sensitive neuronal calcium conductance (gCa). The net result of barbiturate action is acute potentiation of inhibitory GABAergic tone. Barbiturates also act through potent (if less well characterized) and direct inhibition of excitatory AMPA-type glutamate receptors, resulting in a profound suppression of glutamatergic neurotransmission.
Approval Year
Targets
| Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
|---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL2093872 |
Conditions
| Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | PENTOBARBITAL SODIUM Approved UseParenteral
a. Sedatives.
b. Hypnotics, for the short-term treatment of insomnia, since they appear to lose their effectiveness for sleep induction and sleep maintenance after 2 weeks.
c. Preanesthetics.
d. Anticonvulsant, in anesthetic doses, in the emergency control of certain acute convulsive episodes, e.g., those associated with status epilepticus, cholera, eclampsia, meningitis, tetanus, and toxic reactions to strychnine or local anesthetics. Launch Date1.46396165E12 |
|||
| Primary | PENTOBARBITAL SODIUM Approved UseParenteral
a. Sedatives.
b. Hypnotics, for the short-term treatment of insomnia, since they appear to lose their effectiveness for sleep induction and sleep maintenance after 2 weeks.
c. Preanesthetics.
d. Anticonvulsant, in anesthetic doses, in the emergency control of certain acute convulsive episodes, e.g., those associated with status epilepticus, cholera, eclampsia, meningitis, tetanus, and toxic reactions to strychnine or local anesthetics. Launch Date1.46396165E12 |
|||
| Primary | PENTOBARBITAL SODIUM Approved UseParenteral
a. Sedatives.
b. Hypnotics, for the short-term treatment of insomnia, since they appear to lose their effectiveness for sleep induction and sleep maintenance after 2 weeks.
c. Preanesthetics.
d. Anticonvulsant, in anesthetic doses, in the emergency control of certain acute convulsive episodes, e.g., those associated with status epilepticus, cholera, eclampsia, meningitis, tetanus, and toxic reactions to strychnine or local anesthetics. Launch Date1.46396165E12 |
Cmax
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1.15 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7062221/ |
50 mg single, intravenous dose: 50 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
PENTOBARBITAL plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED |
AUC
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
8.2 μg × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7062221/ |
50 mg single, intravenous dose: 50 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
PENTOBARBITAL plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED |
T1/2
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
50 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7062221/ |
50 mg single, intravenous dose: 50 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
PENTOBARBITAL plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: FASTED |
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Prolonged vertical nystagmus after pentobarbital sodium administration. | 1975 Jul |
|
| Functional characteristics and sites of gene expression of the alpha 1, beta 1, gamma 2-isoform of the rat GABAA receptor. | 1990 Jul |
|
| Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons express Fos protein during the proestrous surge of luteinizing hormone. | 1990 Jul |
|
| Ethanol sensitivity of the GABAA receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes requires 8 amino acids contained in the gamma 2L subunit. | 1991 Jul |
|
| The effect of pentobarbital anesthesia on the autonomic nervous system control of heart rate during baroreceptor activation. | 1991 Nov |
|
| Amyloid precursor protein mRNA encoding the Kunitz protease inhibitor domain is increased by kainic acid-induced seizures in rat hippocampus. | 1992 Dec |
|
| Role of hypotension in brain-death associated impairment of liver microcirculation and viability. | 2000 |
|
| Anxiety and sensitivity to ethanol and pentobarbital in alcohol withdrawal seizure-prone and withdrawal seizure-resistant mice. | 2000 Dec |
|
| Treatment of pentobarbitol sodium (Nembutal) hyperactivity: a new approach. | 2000 Mar |
|
| Changes of the level of G protein alpha-subunit mRNA by tolerance to and withdrawal from pentobarbital in rats. | 2002 Jun |
|
| Co-assembly of GABA rho subunits with the GABA(A) receptor gamma(2) subunit cloned from white perch retina. | 2002 Jun 30 |
|
| Inactivation of the hepatic cytochrome P450 system by conditional deletion of hepatic cytochrome P450 reductase. | 2003 Apr 11 |
|
| Pharmacological agents, hippocampal EEG, and anticonvulsant effects on soman-induced seizures in rats. | 2003 Jun |
|
| Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events in children undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department. | 2003 Nov |
|
| A single M1 residue in the beta2 subunit alters channel gating of GABAA receptor in anesthetic modulation and direct activation. | 2003 Oct 31 |
|
| Key structural features of ligands for activation of human pregnane X receptor. | 2004 Apr |
|
| Inhibition of activator protein 1 by barbiturates is mediated by differential effects on mitogen-activated protein kinases and the small G proteins ras and rac-1. | 2004 Dec |
|
| Pentobarbital-mediated regulation of alternative polyadenylation in Drosophila glutathione S-transferase D21 mRNAs. | 2004 Feb 6 |
|
| Influence of different anaesthetics on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in rat spleen. | 2004 Jul |
|
| Influence of O(3)/O(2)-pneumoperitoneum as an oxidative stressor on duration of anaesthesia, loss of different reflexes and cytokine mRNA expression. | 2004 Jul |
|
| Discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol in mice lacking the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor delta subunit. | 2004 Jun |
|
| Abnormalities in uridine homeostatic regulation and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism as a consequence of the deletion of the uridine phosphorylase gene. | 2005 Jun 3 |
|
| Valproate hepatotoxicity in a 5-year-old boy with cerebral palsy due to neonatal asphyxia. | 2006 Dec |
|
| Brainstem thyrotropin-releasing hormone regulates food intake through vagal-dependent cholinergic stimulation of ghrelin secretion. | 2006 Dec |
|
| Isoflurane improves survival and protects against renal and hepatic injury in murine septic peritonitis. | 2007 Apr |
|
| Modulation of neuronal activity in CNS pain pathways following propofol administration in rats: Fos and EEG analysis. | 2007 May |
|
| Both orexin receptors are expressed in rat ovaries and fluctuate with the estrous cycle: effects of orexin receptor antagonists on gonadotropins and ovulation. | 2007 Oct |
|
| Targeted deletion of the GABRA2 gene encoding alpha2-subunits of GABA(A) receptors facilitates performance of a conditioned emotional response, and abolishes anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines and barbiturates. | 2008 Jul |
|
| Impact of anesthesia on valvular function in normal rats during echocardiography. | 2008 Oct |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
Intramuscular Administration: IM injection of the sodium salts of barbiturates should be made deeply into a large muscle, and a volume of 5 mL should not be exceeded at any one site because of possible tissue irritation. After IM injection of a hypnotic dose, the patient's vital signs should be monitored. The usual adult dosage of Pentobarbital Sodium is 150 to 200 mg as a single IM injection; the recommended pediatric dosage ranges from 2 to 6 mg/kg as a single IM injection not to exceed 100 mg.
Intravenous Administration: Pentobarbital Sodium should not be admixed with any other medication or solution. IV injection is restricted to conditions in which other routes are not feasible, either because the patient is unconscious (as in cerebral hemorrhage, eclampsia, or status epilepticus), or because the patient resists (as in delirium), or because prompt action is imperative. Slow IV injection is essential, and patients should be carefully observed during administration. This requires that blood pressure, respiration, and cardiac function be maintained, vital signs be recorded, and equipment for resuscitation and artificial ventilation be available. The rate of IV injection should not exceed 50 mg/min for Pentobarbital Sodium. There is no average intravenous dose of Pentobarbital Sodium that can be relied on to produce similar effects in different patients. The possibility of overdose and respiratory depression is remote when the drug is injected slowly in fractional doses. A commonly used initial dose for the 70 kg adult is 100 mg. Proportional reduction in dosage should be made for pediatric or debilitated patients. At least one minute is necessary to determine the full effect of intravenous pentobarbital. If necessary, additional small increments of the drug may be given up to a total of from 200 to 500 mg for normal adults.
Route of Administration:
Other
It was studied the effects of pentobarbital on extracellular activity in ventrobasal thalamic slices. Pentobarbital at sedative-hypnotic concentration (20 microM) reversibly induced 1-15 Hz oscillations. Sustained oscillations required electrical stimulation of internal capsule, but not elevated temperature or low [Mg2+]. Anesthetic concentration (200 microM) of pentobarbital evoked only transient oscillations.
| Name | Type | Language | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Common Name | English | ||
|
Common Name | English | ||
|
Common Name | English | ||
|
Common Name | English | ||
|
Brand Name | English | ||
|
Common Name | English | ||
|
Common Name | English | ||
|
Systematic Name | English | ||
|
Common Name | English | ||
|
Common Name | English | ||
|
Common Name | English | ||
|
Common Name | English | ||
|
Brand Name | English | ||
|
Brand Name | English | ||
|
Common Name | English | ||
|
Systematic Name | English |
| Code System | Code | Type | Description | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
7563-42-0
Created by
admin on Sat Dec 17 17:42:02 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 17 17:42:02 UTC 2022
|
NON-SPECIFIC STOICHIOMETRY | |||
|
SUB03690MIG
Created by
admin on Sat Dec 17 17:42:02 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 17 17:42:02 UTC 2022
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
231-460-2
Created by
admin on Sat Dec 17 17:42:02 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 17 17:42:02 UTC 2022
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
66V4W08X7J
Created by
admin on Sat Dec 17 17:42:02 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 17 17:42:02 UTC 2022
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
24876-35-5
Created by
admin on Sat Dec 17 17:42:02 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 17 17:42:02 UTC 2022
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
M8513
Created by
admin on Sat Dec 17 17:42:02 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 17 17:42:02 UTC 2022
|
PRIMARY | Merck Index | ||
|
CHEMBL448
Created by
admin on Sat Dec 17 17:42:02 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 17 17:42:02 UTC 2022
|
PRIMARY | |||
|
656845
Created by
admin on Sat Dec 17 17:42:02 UTC 2022 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 17 17:42:02 UTC 2022
|
PRIMARY |
ACTIVE MOIETY
SUBSTANCE RECORD
