Details
Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
Molecular Formula | C21H25NO4 |
Molecular Weight | 355.4275 |
Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
Defined Stereocenters | 1 / 1 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[H][C@@]12CC3=C(CN1CCC4=C2C=C(OC)C(OC)=C4)C(OC)=C(OC)C=C3
InChI
InChIKey=AEQDJSLRWYMAQI-KRWDZBQOSA-N
InChI=1S/C21H25NO4/c1-23-18-6-5-13-9-17-15-11-20(25-3)19(24-2)10-14(15)7-8-22(17)12-16(13)21(18)26-4/h5-6,10-11,17H,7-9,12H2,1-4H3/t17-/m0/s1
Tetrahydropalmatine is a tetrahydroprotoberberine isoquinoline alkaloid that is a primary active constituent of herbal preparations containing plant species of the genera Stephania and Corydalis. The levo isomer of THP (L-THP) appears to contribute to many of the therapeutic effects of these preparations. The pharmacological profile of L-THP, which includes antagonism of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors and actions at dopamine D3, suggests that it may have utility for treating addiction. Clinical trials where L-THP was used for the treatment of cocaine and heroin addiction have promising results. The clinical trial is planned for the treatment of schizophrenia. L-Tetrahydropalmatine is recorded in the Chinese pharmacopoeia.
Originator
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
---|---|---|---|
Target ID: WP254 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28721806 |
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Target ID: CHEMBL2056 |
124.0 nM [Ki] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL217 |
388.0 nM [Ki] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL3138 |
1.4 µM [Ki] |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary | Unknown Approved UseUnknown |
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Primary | Unknown Approved UseUnknown |
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Primary | Unknown Approved UseUnknown |
Cmax
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
42.8 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27363313 |
30 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral dose: 30 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: |
TETRAHYDROPALMATINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
396.1 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27363313 |
30 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral dose: 30 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: |
TETRAHYDROPALMATINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
T1/2
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
13.3 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27363313 |
30 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral dose: 30 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: |
TETRAHYDROPALMATINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
Doses
Dose | Population | Adverse events |
---|---|---|
30 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral Studied dose Dose: 30 mg, 2 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 30 mg, 2 times / day Sources: Page: p.7, 8 |
healthy, ADULT n = 11 Health Status: healthy Age Group: ADULT Sex: M+F Food Status: UNKNOWN Population Size: 11 Sources: Page: p.7, 8 |
Overview
CYP3A4 | CYP2C9 | CYP2D6 | hERG |
---|---|---|---|
OverviewOther
Other Inhibitor | Other Substrate | Other Inducer |
---|---|---|
Drug as perpetrator
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
moderate [IC50 20.9 uM] | ||||
no | ||||
no | ||||
no | ||||
no | ||||
no | ||||
no | ||||
no | ||||
no | ||||
no | ||||
weak [IC50 48.6 uM] | ||||
yes [IC50 2.65 uM] | ||||
yes [Ki 6.42 uM] |
Drug as victim
Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
no | ||||
yes | ||||
yes |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
---|---|---|
Evaluation of natural products as inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase. | 1991 Jan-Feb |
|
HIV-1 and HIV-2 reverse transcriptases: a comparative study of sensitivity to inhibition by selected natural products. | 1992 May 29 |
|
Formation of protoberberine-type alkaloids by the tubers of somatic embryo-derived plants of Corydalis yanhusuo. | 2001 Dec |
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DL-Tetrahydropalmatine may act through inhibition of amygdaloid release of dopamine to inhibit an epileptic attack in rats. | 2001 Jul 20 |
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The hypothermic effects of dl-tetrahydropalmatine in rats. | 2001 Nov 23 |
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Influence of light and heat on the stability of rotundine sulfate injection. | 2001 Oct |
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The protective effect of dl-tetrahydropalmatine against the development of amygdala kindling seizures in rats. | 2002 Mar 8 |
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Positive cooperation of protoberberine type 2 alkaloids from Corydalis cava on the GABA(A) binding site. | 2003 Apr |
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[Study on extraction conditions for minute powder of processed rhizome of Corydalis with vinegar]. | 2003 Oct |
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[Resource investigation and quality evaluation on wild Corydalis yanhusuo]. | 2004 May |
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[Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of tetrahydropalmatine in rats]. | 2005 Aug |
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A multidisciplinary approach to the toxicologic problems associated with the use of herbal medicines. | 2005 Feb |
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[Chemical constituents from Corydalis humosa]. | 2005 Jul |
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Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of tetrahydropalmatine after oral administration of (-)-enantiomer and the racemate. | 2005 May 15 |
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[Studies on the alkaloids from herb of Corydalis adunca]. | 2005 Nov |
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Chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of tetrahydropalmatine and tetrahydroberberine, isolated from Corydalis yanhusuo. | 2006 Feb |
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Evaluation of Cytotoxic Effects of Dichloromethane Extract of Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia Miers ex Hook F & THOMS) on Cultured HeLa Cells. | 2006 Jun |
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[Protective effect of dl-tetrahydropalmatine on liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice]. | 2006 Mar |
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[Effects of different types and standard of processing vinegaron inherent constituents in rhizoma of Corydalis yanhusuo]. | 2006 Mar |
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Enantioseparation of tetrahydropalmatine and Tröger's base by molecularly imprinted monolith in capillary electrochromatography. | 2007 Feb 23 |
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Characterization of enantioselective binding of racemic natural tetrahydropalmatine to DNA by chromatographic methods. | 2007 Jan 1 |
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[Difference absorption of l-tetrahydropalmatine and dl-tetrahydropalmatine in intestine of rats]. | 2007 May |
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Molecular cloning and characterization of tetrahydroprotoberberine cis-N-methyltransferase, an enzyme involved in alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy. | 2007 May 18 |
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Antimalarial activity of alkaloids isolated from Stephania rotunda. | 2007 May 30 |
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Levo-tetrahydropalmatine inhibits cocaine's rewarding effects: experiments with self-administration and brain-stimulation reward in rats. | 2007 Nov |
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Determination of tetrandrine and fangchinoline in plasma samples using hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography. | 2007 Sep 14 |
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Comparative studies on pharmacokinetic fates of tetrahydropalmatine enantiomers in different chemical environments in rats. | 2008 Feb |
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[Studies on active ingredients in Corydalis, broken cell wall corydalis and its processed products]. | 2008 Jun |
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Simultaneous determination of berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in rat plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of coptis-evodia herb couple. | 2008 Mar 1 |
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Phytochemicals from Flemingia vestita (Fabaceae) and Stephania glabra (Menispermeaceae) alter cGMP concentration in the cestode Raillietina echinobothrida. | 2009 Apr |
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[Chemical constituents from Corydalis yanhusuo]. | 2009 Aug |
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[Interaction between four herb compounds and a western drug by CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism in vitro]. | 2009 Jul |
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[Influence of combination of extractum Angelicae Dahuricae Siccum and total alkaloids of Rhizoma Corydalis on pharmacokinetics of tetrahydropalmatine in rats]. | 2009 Jun |
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[Evaluation of different combinations of components of Chinese formulation shuangshentongguan by using AUC values]. | 2009 Sep |
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Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. and Thoms. (Guduchi) - validation of the Ayurvedic pharmacology through experimental and clinical studies. | 2010 Apr |
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Preparative separation of isoquinoline alkaloids from Stephania yunnanensis by pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography. | 2010 Jul 1 |
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Protective effects of tetrahydropalmatine against gamma-radiation induced damage to human endothelial cells. | 2010 Jul 3 |
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Affinity capillary electrophoresis coupling with partial filling technique and field-amplified sample injection for enantioseparation and determination of DL-tetrahydropalmatine. | 2010 Jun |
|
Organic cation transporter 1 mediates the uptake of monocrotaline and plays an important role in its hepatotoxicity. | 2013 Sep 15 |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
In Vivo Use Guide
Sources: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01631383
30 mg twice daily (7 total doses)
Route of Administration:
Oral
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483-14-7
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M10630
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SUB33902
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TETRAHYDROPALMATINE
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16563
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DB12093
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72301
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DTXSID701020650
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C014215
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3X69CO5I79
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SUBSTANCE RECORD