Details
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Molecular Formula | C8H8N4 |
| Molecular Weight | 160.1759 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
NNC1=C2C=CC=CC2=CN=N1
InChI
InChIKey=RPTUSVTUFVMDQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C8H8N4/c9-11-8-7-4-2-1-3-6(7)5-10-12-8/h1-5H,9H2,(H,11,12)
DescriptionSources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01275Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.drugs.com/cdi/hydralazine.html
Sources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01275
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.drugs.com/cdi/hydralazine.html
Hydralazine is a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. Hydralazine works by relaxing blood vessels (arterioles more than venules) and increasing the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart while reducing its workload. It also functions as an antioxidant. It inhibits membrane-bound enzymes that form reactive oxygen species, such as superoxides. Excessive superoxide counteracts NO-induced vasodilation. Hydralazine is used for the treatment of essential hypertension, alone or as an adjunct. Also for the management of severe hypertension when the drug cannot be given orally or when blood pressure must be lowered immediately, congestive heart failure (in combination with cardiac glycosides and diuretics and/or with isosorbide dinitrate), and hypertension secondary to pre-eclampsia/eclampsia.
CNS Activity
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9390968
Curator's Comment: some metabolites of hydralazine are known to cross the blood-brain barrier
Approval Year
Targets
| Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
|---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL3437 Sources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01275 |
|||
Target ID: GO:0070471 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3354891 |
400.0 nM [IC50] |
Conditions
| Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Hydralazine Hydrochloride Approved UseSevere essential hypertension when the drug cannot be given orally or when there is an urgent need to lower
blood pressure. Launch Date1985 |
Cmax
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
3 μM EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6653641 |
50 mg single, oral dose: 50 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: HYDRALAZINE |
HYDRALAZINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
AUC
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
407 μM × h EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6653641 |
50 mg single, oral dose: 50 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: HYDRALAZINE |
HYDRALAZINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
T1/2
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
2 h EXPERIMENT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6653641 |
50 mg single, oral dose: 50 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: HYDRALAZINE |
HYDRALAZINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
Funbound
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
13% |
HYDRALAZINE plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNKNOWN age: UNKNOWN sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
Doses
| Dose | Population | Adverse events |
|---|---|---|
2000 mg single, oral Overdose |
unhealthy, 27 |
Disc. AE: Tachycardia... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Tachycardia Sources: |
750 mg single, oral Overdose |
unhealthy, 38 |
Disc. AE: Lethargy, Hypotension... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Lethargy Sources: Hypotension Tachycardia Chest pain |
200 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 200 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 200 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy |
Disc. AE: Skin rash, Febrile reaction... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Skin rash (rare) Sources: Febrile reaction (rare) |
300 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: |
Disc. AE: Systemic lupus erythematosus synd, Glomerulonephritis... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus synd Sources: Glomerulonephritis |
300 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: |
Disc. AE: Angina pectoris, Myocardial infarction... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Angina pectoris Sources: Myocardial infarction Peripheral neuritis |
40 mg single, intravenous Recommended Dose: 40 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 40 mg Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: |
Disc. AE: Systemic lupus erythematosus synd, Glomerulonephritis... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus synd Sources: Glomerulonephritis |
AEs
| AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tachycardia | Disc. AE | 2000 mg single, oral Overdose |
unhealthy, 27 |
| Chest pain | Disc. AE | 750 mg single, oral Overdose |
unhealthy, 38 |
| Hypotension | Disc. AE | 750 mg single, oral Overdose |
unhealthy, 38 |
| Lethargy | Disc. AE | 750 mg single, oral Overdose |
unhealthy, 38 |
| Tachycardia | Disc. AE | 750 mg single, oral Overdose |
unhealthy, 38 |
| Febrile reaction | rare Disc. AE |
200 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 200 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 200 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy |
| Skin rash | rare Disc. AE |
200 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 200 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 200 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy |
| Glomerulonephritis | Disc. AE | 300 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus synd | Disc. AE | 300 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: |
| Angina pectoris | Disc. AE | 300 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: |
| Myocardial infarction | Disc. AE | 300 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: |
| Peripheral neuritis | Disc. AE | 300 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: |
| Glomerulonephritis | Disc. AE | 40 mg single, intravenous Recommended Dose: 40 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 40 mg Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus synd | Disc. AE | 40 mg single, intravenous Recommended Dose: 40 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 40 mg Sources: |
unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: |
Overview
| CYP3A4 | CYP2C9 | CYP2D6 | hERG |
|---|---|---|---|
OverviewOther
| Other Inhibitor | Other Substrate | Other Inducer |
|---|---|---|
Drug as perpetrator
| Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| no [IC50 >1000 uM] | ||||
| no | ||||
| unlikely | ||||
| unlikely | ||||
| unlikely | ||||
| unlikely | ||||
| yes [IC50 197 uM] | ||||
| yes [Ki 83 uM] | ||||
| yes | ||||
| yes | ||||
| yes | ||||
| yes | ||||
| yes | ||||
| yes |
Tox targets
| Target | Modality | Activity | Metabolite | Clinical evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Immunological side-effects of antihypertensive drugs. | 1979 |
|
| Effects of chronic treatment with captopril (SQ 14,225), an orally active inhibitor of angiotensin I-converting enzyme, in spontaneously hypertensive rats. | 1979 Apr |
|
| Acute hemodynamic effects of pinacidil and hydralazine in essential hypertension. | 1985 Mar |
|
| Therapeutic implications of hypertension-induced glomerular injury. Comparison of enalapril and a combination of hydralazine, reserpine, and hydrochlorothiazide in an experimental model. | 1985 Sep 27 |
|
| Therapeutic advantage of converting enzyme inhibitors in arresting progressive renal disease associated with systemic hypertension in the rat. | 1986 Jun |
|
| Inhibition of sympathoadrenal activity by atrial natriuretic factor in dogs. | 1987 Apr |
|
| Isolated minimal change nephropathy associated with diclofenac. | 1987 Jul 18 |
|
| Vasodilators and regression of left ventricular hypertrophy. Hydralazine versus prazosin in hypertensive humans. | 1987 May |
|
| Hydralazine-induced cholestatic jaundice following liver transplantation. | 1989 Jan |
|
| Features of the acute hypotensive action of carvedilol and its ameliorating effect on myocardial ischemia. | 1991 |
|
| A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. | 1991 Aug 1 |
|
| Renal arteriolar diameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Vascular cast study. | 1991 Jul |
|
| Myocardial ischemia during vasodilator therapy in a canine model of pulmonary hypertension and coronary insufficiency. | 1992 May |
|
| Persistent cardiovascular effects of chronic renin-angiotensin system inhibition following withdrawal in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats. | 2001 Aug |
|
| Oxytocin antagonist disrupts hypotension-evoked renin secretion and other responses in conscious rats. | 2001 Mar |
|
| Angiotensin II regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and receptors Flt-1 and KDR/Flk-1 in cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. | 2002 Aug |
|
| Analyses of differential gene expression in genetic hypertensive rats by microarray. | 2002 Mar |
|
| Murine models of lupus induced by hypomethylated T cells. | 2004 |
|
| Olmesartan improves endothelin-induced hypertension and oxidative stress in rats. | 2004 Jul |
|
| Contrasting effects of chronic ethanol feeding on centrally and peripherally evoked hypotension in telemetered female rats. | 2004 Mar |
|
| Protein adduct-trapping by hydrazinophthalazine drugs: mechanisms of cytoprotection against acrolein-mediated toxicity. | 2004 Mar |
|
| Tight blood pressure control decreases apoptosis during renal damage. | 2004 Mar |
|
| Reactivity of hydrazinophthalazine drugs with the lipid peroxidation products acrolein and crotonaldehyde. | 2004 Sep 21 |
|
| Eukaryotic arylamine N-acetyltransferase. Investigation of substrate specificity by high-throughput screening. | 2005 Jan 15 |
|
| Synthesis and luminescence properties of lanthanide complexes incorporating a hydralazine-derived chromophore. | 2005 Jan 7 |
|
| Histone acetylation and histone deacetylase activity of magnesium valproate in tumor and peripheral blood of patients with cervical cancer. A phase I study. | 2005 Jul 7 |
|
| Role of connective tissue growth factor in vascular and renal damage associated with hypertension in rats. Interactions with angiotensin II. | 2006 Dec |
|
| Up-regulation of HLA class-I antigen expression and antigen-specific CTL response in cervical cancer cells by the demethylating agent hydralazine and the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid. | 2006 Dec 27 |
|
| Early and sustained benefit on event-free survival and heart failure hospitalization from fixed-dose combination of isosorbide dinitrate/hydralazine: consistency across subgroups in the African-American Heart Failure Trial. | 2007 Apr 3 |
|
| A randomised comparison of hydralazine and mini-bolus diazoxide for hypertensive emergencies in pregnancy: the PIVOT trial. | 2007 Aug |
|
| Persistent hypertension and progressive renal injury induced by salt overload after short term nitric oxide inhibition. | 2007 Dec |
|
| The effects of DNA methylation and histone deacetylase inhibitors on human papillomavirus early gene expression in cervical cancer, an in vitro and clinical study. | 2007 Feb 26 |
|
| D-Penicillamine-induced ANCA-associated crescentic glomerulonephritis in Wilson disease. | 2007 Nov |
|
| Beneficial effects of the Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632 in murine puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis. | 2008 |
|
| Pharmacologic profiling of human and rat cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1A2 induction and competition. | 2008 Dec |
|
| Hypertension induces somatic cellular senescence in rats and humans by induction of cell cycle inhibitor p16INK4a. | 2008 Jul |
|
| The prince and the pauper. A tale of anticancer targeted agents. | 2008 Oct 23 |
|
| "Pulse" treatment with high-dose angiotensin blocker reverses renal arteriolar hypertrophy and regresses hypertension. | 2009 Jan |
|
| Epigenetic regulation of Foxp3 expression in regulatory T cells by DNA methylation. | 2009 Jan 1 |
|
| Hydralazine for essential hypertension. | 2010 Aug 4 |
|
| Chitosan nanoparticle-based neuronal membrane sealing and neuroprotection following acrolein-induced cell injury. | 2010 Jan 29 |
|
| HDAC inhibition attenuates inflammatory, hypertrophic, and hypertensive responses in spontaneously hypertensive rats. | 2010 Sep |
|
| Antiatherogenic effect of bisvanillyl-hydralazone, a new hydralazine derivative with antioxidant, carbonyl scavenger, and antiapoptotic properties. | 2011 Jun |
|
| Angiotensin II-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction through RhoA/Rho kinase/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/arginase pathway. | 2011 May |
|
| Early treatment with olmesartan prevents juxtamedullary glomerular podocyte injury and the onset of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic rats. | 2012 May |
Sample Use Guides
In Vivo Use Guide
Sources: https://www.drugs.com/dosage/hydralazine.html
Curator's Comment: can also be used intramuscularly or as a rapid intravenous bolus injection directly into the vein. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/040136s005lbl.pdf
Initial dose: 10 mg orally 4 times a day for the first 2 to 4 days. Increase to 25 mg orally 4 times a day for the balance of the first week.
For the second and subsequent weeks, increase dosage to 50 mg orally 4 times a day.
Route of Administration:
Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7660828
Hydralazine (0.03-10 mmol.L(-1)) inhibited the activities of both PKA and PKG with IC50 of 1.2 and 2.5 mmol.L(-1), respectively
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| Classification Tree | Code System | Code | ||
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FDA ORPHAN DRUG |
334611
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WHO-ATC |
C02DB02
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WHO-ESSENTIAL MEDICINES LIST |
12.3
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FDA ORPHAN DRUG |
166703
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NDF-RT |
N0000175379
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WHO-VATC |
QC02LG02
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WHO-VATC |
QC02DB02
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LIVERTOX |
NBK548580
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C270
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NDF-RT |
N0000175564
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WHO-ATC |
C02LG02
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86-54-4
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5775
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26NAK24LS8
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5470
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26NAK24LS8
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7326
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126699
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Hydralazine
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3637
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DB01275
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SUB08059MIG
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DTXSID4023129
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CHEMBL276832
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HYDRALAZINE
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100000084193
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1
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201-680-3
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m6072
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C62032
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D006830
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1384
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ACTIVE MOIETY
METABOLITE INACTIVE (PARENT)
METABOLITE INACTIVE (PARENT)
METABOLITE INACTIVE (PARENT)
METABOLITE INACTIVE (PARENT)
METABOLITE INACTIVE (PARENT)
SALT/SOLVATE (PARENT)