U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS

Details

Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula C8H8N4
Molecular Weight 160.1759
Optical Activity NONE
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of HYDRALAZINE

SMILES

NNC1=C2C=CC=CC2=CN=N1

InChI

InChIKey=RPTUSVTUFVMDQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C8H8N4/c9-11-8-7-4-2-1-3-6(7)5-10-12-8/h1-5H,9H2,(H,11,12)

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Description
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including https://www.drugs.com/cdi/hydralazine.html

Hydralazine is a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. Hydralazine works by relaxing blood vessels (arterioles more than venules) and increasing the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart while reducing its workload. It also functions as an antioxidant. It inhibits membrane-bound enzymes that form reactive oxygen species, such as superoxides. Excessive superoxide counteracts NO-induced vasodilation. Hydralazine is used for the treatment of essential hypertension, alone or as an adjunct. Also for the management of severe hypertension when the drug cannot be given orally or when blood pressure must be lowered immediately, congestive heart failure (in combination with cardiac glycosides and diuretics and/or with isosorbide dinitrate), and hypertension secondary to pre-eclampsia/eclampsia.

CNS Activity

Curator's Comment: some metabolites of hydralazine are known to cross the blood-brain barrier

Originator

Curator's Comment: In 1951 the Hypertension Division at Washington University initiated the use of hydralazine

Approval Year

Targets

Targets

Primary TargetPharmacologyConditionPotency
400.0 nM [IC50]
Conditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Primary
Hydralazine Hydrochloride

Approved Use

Severe essential hypertension when the drug cannot be given orally or when there is an urgent need to lower blood pressure.

Launch Date

1985
Cmax

Cmax

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
3 μM
50 mg single, oral
dose: 50 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered: HYDRALAZINE
HYDRALAZINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: FASTED
AUC

AUC

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
407 μM × h
50 mg single, oral
dose: 50 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered: HYDRALAZINE
HYDRALAZINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: FASTED
T1/2

T1/2

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
2 h
50 mg single, oral
dose: 50 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered: HYDRALAZINE
HYDRALAZINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: FEMALE / MALE
food status: FASTED
Funbound

Funbound

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
13%
HYDRALAZINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNKNOWN
age: UNKNOWN
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: UNKNOWN
Doses

Doses

DosePopulationAdverse events​
2000 mg single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 2000 mg
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 2000 mg
Sources:
unhealthy, 27
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 27
Sex: F
Sources:
Disc. AE: Tachycardia...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Tachycardia
Sources:
750 mg single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 750 mg
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 750 mg
Sources:
unhealthy, 38
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 38
Sex: F
Sources:
Disc. AE: Lethargy, Hypotension...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Lethargy
Hypotension
Tachycardia
Chest pain
Sources:
200 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral
Recommended
Dose: 200 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 200 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Sources:
Disc. AE: Skin rash, Febrile reaction...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Skin rash (rare)
Febrile reaction (rare)
Sources:
300 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral
Recommended
Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
unhealthy
Disc. AE: Systemic lupus erythematosus synd, Glomerulonephritis...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Systemic lupus erythematosus synd
Glomerulonephritis
Sources:
300 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral
Recommended
Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
unhealthy
Disc. AE: Angina pectoris, Myocardial infarction...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Angina pectoris
Myocardial infarction
Peripheral neuritis
Sources:
40 mg single, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 40 mg
Route: intravenous
Route: single
Dose: 40 mg
Sources:
unhealthy
Disc. AE: Systemic lupus erythematosus synd, Glomerulonephritis...
AEs leading to
discontinuation/dose reduction:
Systemic lupus erythematosus synd
Glomerulonephritis
Sources:
AEs

AEs

AESignificanceDosePopulation
Tachycardia Disc. AE
2000 mg single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 2000 mg
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 2000 mg
Sources:
unhealthy, 27
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 27
Sex: F
Sources:
Chest pain Disc. AE
750 mg single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 750 mg
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 750 mg
Sources:
unhealthy, 38
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 38
Sex: F
Sources:
Hypotension Disc. AE
750 mg single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 750 mg
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 750 mg
Sources:
unhealthy, 38
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 38
Sex: F
Sources:
Lethargy Disc. AE
750 mg single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 750 mg
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 750 mg
Sources:
unhealthy, 38
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 38
Sex: F
Sources:
Tachycardia Disc. AE
750 mg single, oral
Overdose
Dose: 750 mg
Route: oral
Route: single
Dose: 750 mg
Sources:
unhealthy, 38
Health Status: unhealthy
Age Group: 38
Sex: F
Sources:
Febrile reaction rare
Disc. AE
200 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral
Recommended
Dose: 200 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 200 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Sources:
Skin rash rare
Disc. AE
200 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral
Recommended
Dose: 200 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 200 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
unhealthy
Health Status: unhealthy
Sources:
Glomerulonephritis Disc. AE
300 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral
Recommended
Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
unhealthy
Systemic lupus erythematosus synd Disc. AE
300 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral
Recommended
Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
unhealthy
Angina pectoris Disc. AE
300 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral
Recommended
Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
unhealthy
Myocardial infarction Disc. AE
300 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral
Recommended
Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
unhealthy
Peripheral neuritis Disc. AE
300 mg 1 times / day multiple, oral
Recommended
Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / day
Sources:
unhealthy
Glomerulonephritis Disc. AE
40 mg single, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 40 mg
Route: intravenous
Route: single
Dose: 40 mg
Sources:
unhealthy
Systemic lupus erythematosus synd Disc. AE
40 mg single, intravenous
Recommended
Dose: 40 mg
Route: intravenous
Route: single
Dose: 40 mg
Sources:
unhealthy
Overview

Overview

Drug as perpetrator​

Drug as perpetrator​

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
no [IC50 >1000 uM]
no
unlikely
unlikely
unlikely
unlikely
yes [IC50 197 uM]
yes [Ki 83 uM]
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Tox targets
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
Diesel exhaust induced pulmonary and cardiovascular impairment: the role of hypertension intervention.
2013-04-15
Acrolein and chloroacetaldehyde: an examination of the cell and cell-free biomarkers of toxicity.
2013-02-25
Early treatment with olmesartan prevents juxtamedullary glomerular podocyte injury and the onset of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic rats.
2012-05
Profiling of a prescription drug library for potential renal drug-drug interactions mediated by the organic cation transporter 2.
2011-07-14
Antiatherogenic effect of bisvanillyl-hydralazone, a new hydralazine derivative with antioxidant, carbonyl scavenger, and antiapoptotic properties.
2011-06
Angiotensin II-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction through RhoA/Rho kinase/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/arginase pathway.
2011-05
HDAC inhibition attenuates inflammatory, hypertrophic, and hypertensive responses in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
2010-09
Hydralazine for essential hypertension.
2010-08-04
Chitosan nanoparticle-based neuronal membrane sealing and neuroprotection following acrolein-induced cell injury.
2010-01-29
D-penicillamine-induced autoimmunity: relationship to macrophage activation.
2009-09
Resveratrol attenuates angiotensin II-induced interleukin-6 expression and perivascular fibrosis.
2009-06
Administration of angiotensin II, but not catecholamines, induces accumulation of lipids in the rat heart.
2009-02-14
4-Hydrazino-2-(methyl-sulfan-yl)-pyrimidine.
2009-01-31
Epigenetic regulation of Foxp3 expression in regulatory T cells by DNA methylation.
2009-01-01
"Pulse" treatment with high-dose angiotensin blocker reverses renal arteriolar hypertrophy and regresses hypertension.
2009-01
Hydralazine-induced cholestatic hepatitis.
2008-12-19
Pharmacologic profiling of human and rat cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1A2 induction and competition.
2008-12
The prince and the pauper. A tale of anticancer targeted agents.
2008-10-23
Simultaneous posterior ischemic optic neuropathy, cerebral border zone infarction, and spinal cord infarction after correction of malignant hypertension.
2008-09
Hypertension induces somatic cellular senescence in rats and humans by induction of cell cycle inhibitor p16INK4a.
2008-07
Beneficial effects of the Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632 in murine puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis.
2008
Persistent hypertension and progressive renal injury induced by salt overload after short term nitric oxide inhibition.
2007-12
D-Penicillamine-induced ANCA-associated crescentic glomerulonephritis in Wilson disease.
2007-11
A randomised comparison of hydralazine and mini-bolus diazoxide for hypertensive emergencies in pregnancy: the PIVOT trial.
2007-08
Early and sustained benefit on event-free survival and heart failure hospitalization from fixed-dose combination of isosorbide dinitrate/hydralazine: consistency across subgroups in the African-American Heart Failure Trial.
2007-04-03
The effects of DNA methylation and histone deacetylase inhibitors on human papillomavirus early gene expression in cervical cancer, an in vitro and clinical study.
2007-02-26
Role of connective tissue growth factor in vascular and renal damage associated with hypertension in rats. Interactions with angiotensin II.
2006-12
A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure.
1991-08-01
Renal arteriolar diameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Vascular cast study.
1991-07
Effects of hydralazine and increased cardiac output on recombinant tissue plasminogen activator-induced thrombolysis in canine pulmonary embolism.
1991-03
Cardiotoxicity of hydralazine and minoxidil in the rat. Influence of age.
1991-02
Hemodynamic effects of adenosine agonists in the conscious spontaneously hypertensive rat.
1990-09
Acute cocaine toxicity: antagonism by agents interacting with adrenoceptors.
1990-06
Prevention of arterial disease in experimental renal hypertension.
1990-04
Changes of atrial natriuretic peptide and its messenger RNA with development and regression of cardiac hypertrophy in renovascular hypertensive rats.
1990-01
Myocardial ischemia during isoflurane anesthesia: the effect of substituting halothane.
1989-06
Hydralazine-induced cholestatic jaundice following liver transplantation.
1989-01
Isolated minimal change nephropathy associated with diclofenac.
1987-07-18
Vasodilators and regression of left ventricular hypertrophy. Hydralazine versus prazosin in hypertensive humans.
1987-05
Inhibition of sympathoadrenal activity by atrial natriuretic factor in dogs.
1987-04
Therapeutic advantage of converting enzyme inhibitors in arresting progressive renal disease associated with systemic hypertension in the rat.
1986-06
Drug-associated glomerulopathies.
1986
Comparative study of endralazine and hydralazine for the treatment of hypertension uncontrolled by a beta-blocker and diuretic.
1986
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic role of prazosin and related alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists.
1986
Therapeutic implications of hypertension-induced glomerular injury. Comparison of enalapril and a combination of hydralazine, reserpine, and hydrochlorothiazide in an experimental model.
1985-09-27
Suppression of ventricular arrhythmias after coronary artery ligation by pinacidil, a vasodilator drug.
1985-09-01
Acute hemodynamic effects of pinacidil and hydralazine in essential hypertension.
1985-03
Effects of chronic treatment with captopril (SQ 14,225), an orally active inhibitor of angiotensin I-converting enzyme, in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
1979-04
Immunological side-effects of antihypertensive drugs.
1979
Clinical consequences of polymorphic acetylation of basic drugs.
1977-09
Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide
Curator's Comment: can also be used intramuscularly or as a rapid intravenous bolus injection directly into the vein. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/040136s005lbl.pdf
Initial dose: 10 mg orally 4 times a day for the first 2 to 4 days. Increase to 25 mg orally 4 times a day for the balance of the first week. For the second and subsequent weeks, increase dosage to 50 mg orally 4 times a day.
Route of Administration: Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Hydralazine (0.03-10 mmol.L(-1)) inhibited the activities of both PKA and PKG with IC50 of 1.2 and 2.5 mmol.L(-1), respectively
Name Type Language
HIDRAL
Preferred Name English
HYDRALAZINE
INN   MI   VANDF   WHO-DD  
INN  
Official Name English
1-HYDRAZINOPHTHALAZINE
Systematic Name English
HYDRALAZINE [MI]
Common Name English
hydralazine [INN]
Common Name English
DIHYDRALAZINE SULFATE, HYDRATED IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY]
Common Name English
Hydralazine [WHO-DD]
Common Name English
NSC-126699
Code English
HYDRALAZINE [IARC]
Common Name English
HYDRALAZINE [VANDF]
Common Name English
PHTHALAZINE, 1-HYDRAZINO-
Systematic Name English
Classification Tree Code System Code
FDA ORPHAN DRUG 334611
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
WHO-ATC C02DB02
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
WHO-ESSENTIAL MEDICINES LIST 12.3
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
FDA ORPHAN DRUG 166703
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
NDF-RT N0000175379
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
WHO-VATC QC02LG02
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
WHO-VATC QC02DB02
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
LIVERTOX NBK548580
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
NCI_THESAURUS C270
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
NDF-RT N0000175564
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
WHO-ATC C02LG02
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
Code System Code Type Description
CAS
86-54-4
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
CHEBI
5775
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
FDA UNII
26NAK24LS8
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PRIMARY
RXCUI
5470
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
PRIMARY RxNorm
DAILYMED
26NAK24LS8
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
IUPHAR
7326
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
NSC
126699
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
LACTMED
Hydralazine
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
PUBCHEM
3637
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
DRUG BANK
DB01275
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
EVMPD
SUB08059MIG
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PRIMARY
EPA CompTox
DTXSID4023129
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
ChEMBL
CHEMBL276832
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
WIKIPEDIA
HYDRALAZINE
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
SMS_ID
100000084193
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
INN
1
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PRIMARY
ECHA (EC/EINECS)
201-680-3
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PRIMARY
MERCK INDEX
m6072
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
PRIMARY Merck Index
NCI_THESAURUS
C62032
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
MESH
D006830
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
DRUG CENTRAL
1384
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:45:07 GMT 2025
PRIMARY