Details
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Molecular Formula | Cl.H4N |
Molecular Weight | 53.491 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[NH4+].[Cl-]
InChI
InChIKey=NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/ClH.H3N/h1H;1H3
DescriptionSources: http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB41827
Sources: http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB41827
The ammonium cation is a positively charged polyatomic ion with the chemical formula NH4+. Ammonium ions are a waste product of the metabolism of animals. In fish and aquatic invertebrates, it is excreted directly into the water. In mammals, sharks, and amphibians, it is converted in the urea cycle to urea, because urea is less toxic and can be stored more efficiently. In birds, reptiles, and terrestrial snails, metabolic ammonium is converted into uric acid, which is solid and can therefore be excreted with minimal water loss. Ammonium is an important source of nitrogen for many plant species, especially those growing on hypoxic soils. However, it is also toxic to most crop species and is rarely applied as a sole nitrogen source. The ammonium ion (NH4+) in the body plays an important role in the maintenance of acid-base balance. The kidney uses ammonium (NH4+) in place of sodium (Na+) to combine with fixed anions in maintaining acid-base balance, especially as a homeostatic compensatory mechanism in metabolic acidosis. When a loss of hydrogen ions (H+) occurs and serum chloride (Cl–) decreases, sodium is made available for combination with bicarbonate (HCO3–). This creates an excess of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) which leads to a rise in blood pH and a state of metabolic alkalosis. The therapeutic effects of Ammonium (as Ammonium Chloride) depend upon the ability of the kidney to utilize ammonia in the excretion of an excess of fixed anions and the conversion of ammonia to urea by the liver, thereby liberating hydrogen (H+) and chloride (Cl–) ions into the extracellular fluid.
CNS Activity
Approval Year
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
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Effects of valproate and citrulline on ammonium-induced encephalopathy. | 1994 Jan-Feb |
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Alterations of neurotransmitter-related gene expression in human and experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy. | 1998 Dec |
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Determination of ammonia in cerebrospinal fluid using the indophenol direct method. | 1998 Jun-Aug |
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Carnitine deficiency and hyperammonemia in children receiving valproic acid with and without other anticonvulsant drugs. | 1999 |
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Petfood applications of inulin and oligofructose. | 1999 Jul |
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Structure of cytochrome c nitrite reductase. | 1999 Jul 29 |
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Control of solitary gastric fundal varices and portosystemic encephalopathy accompanying liver cirrhosis by balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (B-RTO): a case report. | 1999 Mar-Apr |
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Two hyperandrogenic adolescent girls with congenital portosystemic shunt. | 2001 May |
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Identification of osmosensitive and ammonia-regulated genes in rat astrocytes by Northern blotting and differential display reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. | 2001 Sep |
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Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy: update on molecular mechanisms. | 2003 Dec |
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Phosphorylation of mouse glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2) by cAMP-dependent protein kinase increases the enzyme activity. | 2004 Jul 16 |
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Mechanisms of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling. | 2005 Dec |
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Cerebral ammonia uptake and accumulation during prolonged exercise in humans. | 2005 Feb 15 |
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Effect of the herbal medicine Dai-kenchu-to for serum ammonia in hepatectomized patients. | 2005 Jan-Feb |
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Renal expression of the ammonia transporters, Rhbg and Rhcg, in response to chronic metabolic acidosis. | 2006 Feb |
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Non-convulsive status epilepticus secondary to valproic acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy. | 2007 Aug |
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Encephalopathy and cerebral edema in the setting of acute liver failure: pathogenesis and management. | 2008 |
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Protein kinase G is involved in ammonia-induced swelling of astrocytes. | 2009 May |
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Effect of intercalated cell-specific Rh C glycoprotein deletion on basal and metabolic acidosis-stimulated renal ammonia excretion. | 2010 Aug |
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NHE4 is critical for the renal handling of ammonia in rodents. | 2010 Jun |
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Increased Na, K-ATPase alpha2 isoform gene expression by ammonia in astrocytes and in brain in vivo. | 2010 Nov |
Sample Use Guides
In Vivo Use Guide
Sources: https://www.drugs.com/pro/ammonium-chloride.html
Solutions for intravenous infusion should not exceed a concentration of 1% to 2% of Ammonium Chloride.
Dosage is dependent upon the condition and tolerance of the patient. It is recommended that the contents of one to two vials (100 to 200 mEq) be added to 500 or 1000 mL of isotonic (0.9%) sodium chloride injection. The rate of intravenous infusion should not exceed 5 mL per minute in adults (approximately 3 hours for infusion of 1000 mL). Dosage should be monitored by repeated serum bicarbonate determinations.
Route of Administration:
Intravenous
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25342595
HepG2 is a human HCC line purchased from ATCC and was cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 20 % fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). HCC cells were treated with rapamycin (100 mkM) as an autophagy inducer and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl, 10mkM) as an autophagy inhibitor. NH4Cl inhibited rapamycin-induced autophagy in HCC cells.
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Classification Tree | Code System | Code | ||
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DSLD |
3704 (Number of products:14)
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CODEX ALIMENTARIUS (GSFA) |
E-510
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CFR |
21 CFR 184.1138
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WHO-VATC |
QB05XA04
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WHO-VATC |
QG04BA01
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JECFA EVALUATION |
E-510
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WHO-ATC |
G04BA01
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WHO-ATC |
B05XA04
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EPA PESTICIDE CODE |
129014
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C29730
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CFR |
21 CFR 520.301
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SUB12876MIG
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AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
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31206
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12125-02-9
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D000643
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CHEMBL1200939
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01Q9PC255D
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4350
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DB06767
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1029953
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DTXSID0020078
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235-186-4
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m1776
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712
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01Q9PC255D
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100000091581
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483
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C47396
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25517
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ACTIVE MOIETY
SUBSTANCE RECORD