Details
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Molecular Formula | Cl.H4N |
Molecular Weight | 53.491 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[NH4+].[Cl-]
InChI
InChIKey=NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/ClH.H3N/h1H;1H3
DescriptionSources: http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB41827
Sources: http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB41827
The ammonium cation is a positively charged polyatomic ion with the chemical formula NH4+. Ammonium ions are a waste product of the metabolism of animals. In fish and aquatic invertebrates, it is excreted directly into the water. In mammals, sharks, and amphibians, it is converted in the urea cycle to urea, because urea is less toxic and can be stored more efficiently. In birds, reptiles, and terrestrial snails, metabolic ammonium is converted into uric acid, which is solid and can therefore be excreted with minimal water loss. Ammonium is an important source of nitrogen for many plant species, especially those growing on hypoxic soils. However, it is also toxic to most crop species and is rarely applied as a sole nitrogen source. The ammonium ion (NH4+) in the body plays an important role in the maintenance of acid-base balance. The kidney uses ammonium (NH4+) in place of sodium (Na+) to combine with fixed anions in maintaining acid-base balance, especially as a homeostatic compensatory mechanism in metabolic acidosis. When a loss of hydrogen ions (H+) occurs and serum chloride (Cl–) decreases, sodium is made available for combination with bicarbonate (HCO3–). This creates an excess of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) which leads to a rise in blood pH and a state of metabolic alkalosis. The therapeutic effects of Ammonium (as Ammonium Chloride) depend upon the ability of the kidney to utilize ammonia in the excretion of an excess of fixed anions and the conversion of ammonia to urea by the liver, thereby liberating hydrogen (H+) and chloride (Cl–) ions into the extracellular fluid.
CNS Activity
Approval Year
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
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A triphosphopyridine nucleotide-specific nitrite reductase from Escherichia coli. | 1961 Dec |
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The nitrogen-fixing complex of bacteria. | 1975 Mar 31 |
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Acute changes of blood ammonia may predict short-term adverse effects of valproic acid. | 1984 Nov |
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Possible mechanisms of anti-cholinergic drug-induced bradycardia. | 1988 |
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Venous, arterial, and arterialized-venous blood ammonia levels and their relationship to hepatic encephalopathy after propranolol. | 1988 Mar |
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Cytoprotective effect of plasmin inhibitor on necrotizing agent-induced gastric lesions in rats. | 1989 May |
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Effects of valproate and citrulline on ammonium-induced encephalopathy. | 1994 Jan-Feb |
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Intracellular flux analysis applied to the effect of dissolved oxygen on hybridomas. | 1995 Dec |
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Characterization of rabbit UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A7: tertiary amine glucuronidation is catalyzed by UGT1A7 and UGT1A4. | 1997 Aug 15 |
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Structure of cytochrome c nitrite reductase. | 1999 Jul 29 |
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Inhibition of HIV-1 infection by zinc group metal compounds. | 1999 Sep |
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Functional identification of ion binding sites at the internal end of the pore in Shaker K+ channels. | 2003 May 15 |
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Relationship between tumor necrosis factor-alpha and ammonia in patients with hepatic encephalopathy due to chronic liver failure. | 2005 |
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Chronic exposure to ammonia alters the modulation of phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 2 by metabotropic glutamate receptors 1 and 5 in cerebellar neurons in culture. | 2005 |
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Mechanisms of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling. | 2005 Dec |
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Anti-inflammatory effects of inhibiting the amine oxidase activity of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase. | 2005 Nov |
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Role of ammonia and nitric oxide in the decrease in plasma prolactin levels in prehepatic portal hypertensive male rats. | 2006 |
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Liver-specific loss of beta-catenin blocks glutamine synthesis pathway activity and cytochrome p450 expression in mice. | 2006 Apr |
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Renal expression of the ammonia transporters, Rhbg and Rhcg, in response to chronic metabolic acidosis. | 2006 Feb |
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Long-term correction of ammonia metabolism and prolonged survival in ornithine transcarbamylase-deficient mice following liver-directed treatment with adeno-associated viral vectors. | 2006 Jul |
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[The most frequent allergens in allergic contact dermatitis]. | 2006 Jul 14 |
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Expression of the ammonia transporter, rh C glycoprotein, in normal and neoplastic human kidney. | 2006 Oct |
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cAMP mediates ammonia-induced programmed cell death in the microglial cell line BV-2. | 2007 Apr |
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Non-convulsive status epilepticus secondary to valproic acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy. | 2007 Aug |
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Encephalopathy and cerebral edema in the setting of acute liver failure: pathogenesis and management. | 2008 |
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Role of angiotensin II in the enhancement of ammonia production and secretion by the proximal tubule in metabolic acidosis. | 2008 Apr |
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Encapsulation of glutamine synthetase in mouse erythrocytes: a new procedure for ammonia detoxification. | 2008 Dec |
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Ammonia metabolism capacity of HepG2 cells with high expression of human glutamine synthetase. | 2008 Dec |
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Ammonia inhibits the C-type natriuretic peptide-dependent cyclic GMP synthesis and calcium accumulation in a rat brain endothelial cell line. | 2008 May |
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The effects of CO2 and external buffering on ammonia excretion and Rhesus glycoprotein mRNA expression in rainbow trout. | 2008 Oct |
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Collecting duct-specific Rh C glycoprotein deletion alters basal and acidosis-stimulated renal ammonia excretion. | 2009 Jun |
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Ammonia transport in cultured gill epithelium of freshwater rainbow trout: the importance of Rhesus glycoproteins and the presence of an apical Na+/NH4+ exchange complex. | 2009 Mar |
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Protein kinase G is involved in ammonia-induced swelling of astrocytes. | 2009 May |
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In vivo monitoring of extracellular 13N-glutamine derived from blood-borne 13N-ammonia in rat striatum using microdialysis with radio-LC method. | 2009 Oct 30 |
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Ammonia toxicity to the brain: effects on creatine metabolism and transport and protective roles of creatine. | 2010 |
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Effect of intercalated cell-specific Rh C glycoprotein deletion on basal and metabolic acidosis-stimulated renal ammonia excretion. | 2010 Aug |
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[Ammonia as a cause for hepatic encephalopathy]. | 2010 Feb |
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NHE4 is critical for the renal handling of ammonia in rodents. | 2010 Jun |
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Ammonia and proinflammatory cytokines modify expression of genes coding for astrocytic proteins implicated in brain edema in acute liver failure. | 2010 Mar |
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Glutamine synthetase in muscle is required for glutamine production during fasting and extrahepatic ammonia detoxification. | 2010 Mar 26 |
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Role of the Rhesus glycoprotein, Rh B glycoprotein, in renal ammonia excretion. | 2010 Nov |
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Increased Na, K-ATPase alpha2 isoform gene expression by ammonia in astrocytes and in brain in vivo. | 2010 Nov |
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Molecular basis of inhibition of substrate hydrolysis by a ligand bound to the peripheral site of acetylcholinesterase. | 2010 Sep 6 |
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[Effect of jianpi yiqi qingyou decoction on lymphocyte subsets and IL-2 mRNA in gastric tissue in rats with chronic superficial gastritis]. | 2011 Apr |
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Resveratrol prevents ammonia toxicity in astroglial cells. | 2012 |
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Combined effects of high environmental ammonia, starvation and exercise on hormonal and ion-regulatory response in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). | 2012 Jun 15 |
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High brain ammonia tolerance and down-regulation of Na+:K+:2Cl(-) Cotransporter 1b mRNA and protein expression in the brain of the Swamp Eel, Monopterus albus, exposed to environmental ammonia or terrestrial conditions. | 2013 |
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Molecular characterization of branchial aquaporin 1aa and effects of seawater acclimation, emersion or ammonia exposure on its mRNA expression in the gills, gut, kidney and skin of the freshwater climbing perch, Anabas testudineus. | 2013 |
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Lipoic acid protects C6 cells against ammonia exposure through Na⁺-K⁺-Cl⁻ co-transporter and PKC pathway. | 2013 Oct |
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Ammonia impairs glutamatergic communication in astroglial cells: protective role of resveratrol. | 2015 Dec |
Sample Use Guides
In Vivo Use Guide
Sources: https://www.drugs.com/pro/ammonium-chloride.html
Solutions for intravenous infusion should not exceed a concentration of 1% to 2% of Ammonium Chloride.
Dosage is dependent upon the condition and tolerance of the patient. It is recommended that the contents of one to two vials (100 to 200 mEq) be added to 500 or 1000 mL of isotonic (0.9%) sodium chloride injection. The rate of intravenous infusion should not exceed 5 mL per minute in adults (approximately 3 hours for infusion of 1000 mL). Dosage should be monitored by repeated serum bicarbonate determinations.
Route of Administration:
Intravenous
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25342595
HepG2 is a human HCC line purchased from ATCC and was cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 20 % fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). HCC cells were treated with rapamycin (100 mkM) as an autophagy inducer and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl, 10mkM) as an autophagy inhibitor. NH4Cl inhibited rapamycin-induced autophagy in HCC cells.
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Classification Tree | Code System | Code | ||
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DSLD |
3704 (Number of products:14)
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CODEX ALIMENTARIUS (GSFA) |
E-510
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CFR |
21 CFR 184.1138
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WHO-VATC |
QB05XA04
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WHO-VATC |
QG04BA01
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JECFA EVALUATION |
E-510
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WHO-ATC |
G04BA01
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WHO-ATC |
B05XA04
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EPA PESTICIDE CODE |
129014
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C29730
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CFR |
21 CFR 520.301
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SUB12876MIG
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AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
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31206
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12125-02-9
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D000643
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CHEMBL1200939
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01Q9PC255D
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4350
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DB06767
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1029953
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DTXSID0020078
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235-186-4
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m1776
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712
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01Q9PC255D
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100000091581
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483
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C47396
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25517
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ACTIVE MOIETY
SUBSTANCE RECORD